
Buzz Aldrin on the Moon with a lunar seismic experiment, July 20, 1969 (NASA photo)
When you write about space as often as I do (and use a laptop with a big NASA sticker on the cover no less) you’re occasionally going to get the question posed to you: did we really land on the Moon? (That, and “do you believe in UFOs?”) And with this year marking the 45th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing — which, by the way, most definitely happened — and this particular weekend being 45 years since the Apollo 10 “dress rehearsal” lunar orbiting mission, I thought I’d assemble a list of a few oft-purported “proofs” of a Moon landing hoax… and then let you know why they’re completely wrong.
You’ve probably heard a few of these before…
1. The flag is waving.
This is one of the biggest claims waved around (pun intended) by conspiracy fanatics. When the U.S. flag was placed by Armstrong and Aldrin and recorded by the TV camera they’d previously set up, it appears to be waving in a non-existent lunar breeze. But there’s no atmosphere on the Moon, how can there be a breeze to blow a flag around?
This isn’t proof of location on a Disney sound stage in Burbank. The flag isn’t “waving,” it’s swinging.
First of all the U.S. flag was hanging from a telescoping rod along its top to keep it extended, but it wouldn’t extend all the way. And when planting the flagpole, the astronauts had a difficult time getting very far into the lunar surface… after a few inches they hit some pretty solid stuff. The struggle to keep it upright for a good photo-op meant that it got some pretty vigorous shaking, and this resulted in a lot of movement. The Moon doesn’t have an atmosphere (not including some sparsely-scattered ions and dust) but it does have gravity — about one-sixth of Earth’s — and a well-shaken banner will still wave… just not in any wind. In fact once they were done fussing with the flagpole, it stayed still for the remainder of the mission.
“During a pause in experiments, Neil suggested we proceed with the flag. It took both of us to set it up and it was nearly a disaster.”
– Buzz Aldrin
Unfortunately as soon as the ascent stage of the LM launched, returning Neil and Buzz to lunar orbit to meet back up with Michael Collins in the CM, the entire flag was blown over — but from the force of the ascent rockets, not “wind.” (Luckily Newtonian physics work very well in space, otherwise we’d never get anywhere!)

Buzz Aldrin practices taking pictures with his suit-mounted Hasselblad (NASA/JSC scan)
2. If there’s no atmosphere on the Moon, where are the stars in the photos?
This is Photography 101. The Apollo astronauts were using several types of cameras to record their lunar adventures, one being modified medium-format Hasselblad 500 EL cameras mounted to their spacesuits. These were film cameras and had to be set just right to get pictures to develop correctly — not unlike today’s digital cameras, but without the convenience of auto mode! All the astronauts went through training on how to shoot with the cameras, so when they got to the Moon they were able to take some really great shots of the surface in beautiful 70mm detail. (Check out the Project Apollo Archive for hi-res scans of the color and black-and-white film they shot.)
Daytime on the Moon is about two Earth weeks long. (A full solar “synodic” day there takes 29.5 Earth days.) All the Apollo surface EVAs took place on the side facing Earth during the lunar daytime. This means that the Sun was in the sky, illuminating the surface and everything the astronauts were doing… including taking pictures. So even though there was no atmosphere above them, the astronauts still had to expose their cameras to account for a very bright lunar landscape (and in some instances with a very harsh, big white star we call the Sun in the sky.) They were there to explore the Moon, not the stars, and so they didn’t waste any film taking astrophotos.
Long story short, in order to capture stars in their photos they would have had to expose for them in camera, which would have resulted in a very blown-out, blurry lunar surface. (Plus they didn’t bring along tripods for long exposures.) Think about it — if you took pictures outside at night, and let your camera adjust for a well-lit object or scene, even if there was a sky full of stars above you at the time they wouldn’t be visible in your picture. It’s just how cameras work — they simply can’t adjust like your eyes do.
Learn more about the lunar cameras here.
3. You can still see things in the shadows. They should be completely black with no air to scatter light.
Well, yes and no. It’s true that light on Earth is scattered by the atmosphere, and so we can see even where the Sun isn’t directly illuminating a scene. And in space, shadows can be incredibly dark because of the lack of this effect. But there is still reflected light, and the lunar surface is reflective.

Buzz Aldrin descending the ladder of Eagle
When Neil photographed Buzz descending the ladder onto the Moon’s surface, you can still see him pretty well even though he’s clearly in the shadow of the LM. This is the result of reflected light from the Sun hitting the lunar regolith and bouncing back up into the shadows, not “another source of artificial illumination” claimed by some conspiracists. Again, no atmosphere doesn’t negate the physics of how light works — after all, the Moon is pretty dark in color yet we see it as a very bright object in the night sky, especially when full. This is a ready testament to its reflectivity (and even then it’s still only reflecting 12% of the sunlight it receives.)
Also don’t forget that in addition to the Sun, the Earth was in the sky above the Apollo astronauts — and it was also reflecting sunlight onto the Moon, just like the Moon does onto Earth.
Want an example of how this worked? Check out Ian Goddard’s demonstration site here, and see the results of an experiment on Discovery Channel’s “Mythbusters” here.
4. The shadows in the photos were uneven.
Therefore alternate lighting sources? No, therefore uneven terrain. Single-source lighting on a perfectly flat plane will result in perspective-aligned shadows, but on an uneven surface the shadows will “appear” to slant off at different angles as they are projected across the ground. The Moon pretty much has no perfectly flat planes — it’s cratered and hilly down to the smallest scales. Shadows cast by the Sun will be skewed all over the place. (See the link above for a sample of that too.)
Apollo 16 astronauts John Young and Charlie Duke got to drive a Boeing-made Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) on the Moon, one of three sent up during the Apollo program. Note how the dust is kicked up in nice billowing arcs by the LRV’s wheels… that’s not Earth gravity in action!
5. Radiation would have killed the astronauts en route to the Moon.
Radiation in space is very dangerous. Nobody’s contesting that fact. Even a thickly-hulled spacecraft can allow in enough cosmic radiation to damage living DNA over long durations, and outside of Earth’s protective magnetosphere it becomes an even bigger danger. This in fact is still a major obstacle to overcome if we’re to send humans to Mars or beyond. But the Apollo astronauts weren’t on a year-long voyage to Mars, they were on week-long trips to the Moon. Even the Van Allen belts, which concentrate energetic particles from the Sun into donut-shaped rings surrounding Earth, were passed through pretty quickly by the Apollo spacecraft on their way Moonward.
A pretty clear explanation is given by astronomer Phil Plait in his 2001 Bad Astronomy article:
“The van Allen belts are regions above the Earth’s surface where the Earth’s magnetic field has trapped particles of the solar wind. An unprotected man would indeed get a lethal dose of radiation, if he stayed there long enough. Actually, the spaceship traveled through the belts pretty quickly, getting past them in an hour or so. There simply wasn’t enough time to get a lethal dose, and, as a matter of fact, the metal hull of the spaceship did indeed block most of the radiation.”
Now, had the Apollo astronauts been in the way of a strong solar flare event while on the lunar surface, it would have been a different story. Protected only by their space suits, they could have received a lethal dose of solar radiation very quickly as a cloud of particles swept past the Earth and Moon. Luckily that didn’t happen, but it was an occupational hazard. (Although compared to the countless other dangers they confronted in order to achieve their goals, that was somewhat low on the list.)
6. We didn’t have the technology in the 60s to go to the Moon.
This is a total cop-out argument. Yes, 1960s technology was far inferior to what we have today… even one of our cell phones contains vastly more computing power than what was aboard the Apollo spacecraft. But the Apollo spacecraft only had to know how to do one thing: get living, breathing astronauts to the Moon and back. This was achieved through complex engineering and the efforts of many thousands of the brightest minds in the country, not to mention a few fearless astronauts who knew a thing or two about flying experimental aircraft. Getting to the Moon was a case of pure physics, dedication, and guts… the required innovations just came as a direct result. Read more here on Clavius.org.
As far as NASA having created all the footage of the landings in a studio, it actually would have been easier at the time to just go to the Moon…
7. We’ve imaged all the Apollo landing sites from lunar orbit.
NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been surveying the Moon for five years now, and during that time has imaged all of the Apollo landing sites from its position in lunar orbit. Several times, in fact, and under many different lighting angles. So while we can’t visually resolve the remains of the Apollo sites from Earth, LRO can see them very nicely… LM descent stages, ALSEPs. LRVs, and astronaut tracks all as they were left over 40 years ago.

The descent stage of Eagle can be seen in this LRO image, along with tracks and experiment packages. (NASA/LRO/Arizona State University)
8. Okay smart guy, so if we REALLY went to the Moon, how come we never went back?
This, unfortunately, has more to do with the nature of politics and public interest than space technology, although the latter often becomes a casualty of the former. There’s a lot involved with the answer to this, but suffice to say after the Apollo program was closed down, the technology to send humans to the Moon was retired. The Saturn V rockets were either dismantled, put in museums, or, in the case of Skylab, used in other programs, and eventually all of the special components created by contractors and sub-contractors that allowed the success of Saturn and Apollo were no longer available or in production. We didn’t lose the technology, as some have claimed, we just stopped making it, at least for those specific uses. As times changed, priorities (and thus budgets) changed, and NASA’s manned spaceflight program of the 60s and early 70s became a thing of the past, in some cases replaced by newer, better goals… but in some cases still not replaced at all.
Is it a shame that the last bootprints on the Moon are still those of Gene Cernan from December 1972? Heck yes. Does it mean he never went at all? Hell no.
Read more in this article by Space.com’s Clara Moskowitz.
The Apollo missions are still one of the crowning achievements (in my opinion, at least) of both our country and of humanity as a whole. Yes, the reasons behind the race to the Moon in the 60s were very political, that’s surely no secret. But in just eight years we went from sending the first American on a brief suborbital flight to safely landing astronauts on the surface of another world and bringing them home again, an incredible feat accomplished only through the talent and hard work of literally hundreds of thousands of people — over 400,000, in fact (source) — and the support and financial backing of an entire nation. Reasons aside, the summer of 1969 changed both the global political landscape and our perspective of our place in the Universe, and that’s not something to be dismissed lightly… or with wanton disregard for all those who made it happen.
(And, of course, let’s not forget the undeniable 842 pounds of Moon rocks that the Apollo astronauts brought back to Earth with them, and the laser ranging reflectors that were left up there and still being used to measure distances to the Moon today!)
“The body of physical evidence that humans did walk on the Moon is simply overwhelming.”
– Dr. Robert Park, Director of the Washington office of the American Physical Society
Want to dive deeper into the debunking of any Moon landing hoax? Check out the links below:
Great info from University of Arizona LPL Senior Researcher Jim Scotti
“Bad Astronomer” Phil Plait’s de-hoaxing article (which specifically attacks a 2001 “documentary” on Fox TV)
NASA’s Response to Said Fauxumentary
Clavius.org – a site dedicated to debunking Moon hoax theories
A Retrospective Analysis of Project Apollo (NASA)
National Geographic attacks 8 Moon landing hoax myths
A debunking by rocket and space technology site Braeunig.us
Watch Universe Today’s video “How Do We Know The Moon Landing Isn’t Fake?”
Apollo Landing Sites Imaged by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Added 6/3/14: A “Decisive Debunking” of the Moon Landing Conspiracy by med student Hasaan Rafique
Added 6/3/14: The Moon Landing Hoax Debunked on RelativelyInteresing.com
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…and after all this, if you still must believe that the Apollo missions were all an elaborate scam, I’m afraid I really can’t help you. The world you choose to live in is much, much more dark, tangled, and subversive than I care to venture into. I’m just sorry that you have so little faith in what humans can achieve.
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