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Adding CO2 to the atmosphere can have no significant climatic effect when rising above the threshold of about 300 ppm. Due to saturation, higher and higher concentrations do not lead to any further absorption of radiation.

If one were to paint a white surface black so as to allow it to absorb as much heat as possible, it is well known the first layer of paint has the most dominant impact on heat absorption. A second coat covers up any remaining grayish color and perhaps a few spots missed on the first layer. By the third layer, there is effectively no more heat absorption that can be attained with the additional coat, as the surface is saturated in black. It cannot become blacker.

Three Polish physicists have focused their attention on this saturation principle as it applies to CO2 in three recently published papers (Kubicki et al., 2024, 2022, and 2020). Their latest (Kubicki et al., 2024), published in Applications in Engineering Science, summarizes the experimental evidence from their 2020 and 2022 publications substantiating the conclusion that “as a result of saturation processes, emitted CO2 does not directly cause an increase in global temperature.”

“From the conducted considerations, it follows that both in Eq. (4) and Eq. (6), the value of absorption is limited. In the first case, it cannot exceed 1, and in the second case, it cannot exceed the value of ψ less than unity. Therefore, for a sufficiently large mass m, saturation must occur, and further increase in mass will result in a negligible increase in absorption.”

This research adds another layer to more than 50 years of research on the CO2 saturation principle.

“Schack (1972)…demonstrated that for a concentration of 0.03% of carbon dioxide in the air, the absorption process in the troposphere is saturated.”

The authors are concerned about the recent push to rely on modeling and assumptions about CO2’s capacity to drive changes in global temperature rather than observational evidence. They point out the current CO2-is-the-climate-control-knob zeitgeist is no more than a hypothesis.

“This unequivocally suggests that the officially presented impact of anthropogenic CO2 increase on Earth’s climate is merely a hypothesis rather than a substantiated fact.”

Image Source: Kubicki et al., 2024

In their 2022 paper the authors showed that at 400 ppm the CO2 concentration can no longer cause any increase in temperature, as no more absorption of thermal radiation can occur due to saturation.

“…the experiment described in articles [5] an [6] was carried out, where it was shown that thermal radiation from the hot surface of the Moon, after passing through the Earth’s atmosphere, is not absorbed in carbon dioxide. Thus, it was shown for this radiation there is a complete saturation of the process.”

“It can be seen that practically with the mass of carbon dioxide of about 1.5 kg/m², the process of absorption of thermal radiation goes into saturation… So, for the current concentration of 400 ppm for which the mass of CO2 in the atmosphere is ~6 kg/m², the limit is four times exceeded.”

“Thus, it can be presumed that the carbon dioxide additionally emitted into the atmosphere does not absorb thermal radiation and thus is not a greenhouse gas.”

Image Source: Kubicki et al., 2022

In their 2020 paper the three physicists reported their experimental evidence can “disprove [the] general theorem” that increasing the concentration of absorbing gases will “cause strong increase of the absorption of the infrared radiation.”

In their experiment they found that there was no difference (120.9 vs. 121.0 μW) in the power of air, with 0.04% CO2, to absorb infrared radiation versus the capacity of 100% CO2 to absorb radiation due to the saturation effect.

Image Source: Kubicki et al., 2020

Recently, other scientists (Chen et al., 2023) also reported that CO2 has a severely reduced effect on atmospheric transmissivity due to (a) absorption saturation (CO2 can have no effect beyond a pre-industrial concentration), and because (b) water vapor and cloud forcing overlap and thus dominate absorption in CO2’s band.

“[Transmissivity] in the CO2 band center is unchanged by increased CO2 as the absorption is already saturated…”

“[T]he water vapor and CO2 overlapping at an absorbing band prevents absorption by additional CO2.”

Image Source: Chen et al., 2023

Physicist Dieter Schildknecht (2020) also reported on the saturation of the CO2 impact once it reaches 300 ppm concentrations, concluding that because of this saturation further CO2 increases “cannot affect the earth’s climate.”

“The absorption reaches values close to 100% for a realistic CO2 content of 0.03%, [so] it is concluded that any further increase of (anthropogenic) CO2 cannot lead to an appreciably stronger absorption of radiation, and consequently cannot affect the earth’s climate.”

Image Source: Schildknecht, 2020

Dr. Easterbrook also illustratively referenced the saturation effect in research published in 2016, calculating the effect of a 80 ppm increase in CO2 as only about 0.01°C.

Notice on the pie chart there is almost no detectable change after the CO2 concentration has reached ~240 ppm.

Image Source: Easterbrook, 2016

In the 1970s, before the anthropogenic global warming narrative had evolved into what it is today, it was common for scientists to admit the CO2 radiative impact is already saturated.

According to Weare and Snell (1974), doubling of the CO2 concentration was thought to lead to a global surface temperature increase of 0.7 K, but a six-fold increase (~2,000 ppm) would only raise temperature 1.0 K more “due to saturation of the 15 μm band.”

Per Rasool and Schneider (1971), increasing the CO2 concentration 10-fold (over 3,000 ppm) would not increase temperatures more than 2.5°C “because the 15 μm band ‘saturates’.”

Image Source: Weare and Snell, 1974 and Rasool and Schneider, 1971

Other scientists at the time estimated that when increasing CO2 “seven times the normal concentrations, the average temperature increase is about 1°C” (Zdunkowski et al., 1975), or that doubled CO2 concentrations lead to 0.30°C warming, but quadrupled CO2 (~1250 ppm) leads to just 0.48°C warming (Gates et al., 1981). Again, this is due to the saturation effect.

Image Source: Zdunkowski et al., 1975 and  Gates et al., 1981

"If the rules of the game allow you to score through early voting, absentee voting or Election Day voting, you've got to do all three of those," LaRose said.

George Alan Kelly was accused of second-degree murder for the death of a Mexican national named Gabriel Cuen-Baltimea, who was found fatally shot on Kelly’s ranch on Jan. 30, 2023. 

Well, I guess things could be worse in America.

OH, COLUMBIA: Columbia Professors Declare Solidarity With Student Protesters and Call for Shafik’s Resignation. “A group of Columbia University professors held a rally Monday to express solidarity with the anti-Semitic students suspended for holding unauthorized protests on campus and to lambaste university president Minouche Shafik for cracking down on them.”

Related:

Columbia University is seemingly letting students do whatever they want on campus as long as they oppose Israel but they just deactivated a Jewish professors access card @ShaiDavidai because apparently being on campus while Jewish breaks the rules. pic.twitter.com/d1i78arQ4p

— Robby Starbuck (@robbystarbuck) April 22, 2024

BY WHAT RIGHT DOES THIS JUDGE HAVE ANY POWER, BUT BY THOSE GRANTED IN THE CONSTITUTION: NYC Man Convicted Over Gunsmithing Hobby After Judge Says 2nd Amendment ‘Doesn’t Exist in This Courtroom’.

In other words, is this judge a moron or a villain?

WHERE WOKE POLITICS LEAD:

Columbia protesters advocate rapes of Israeli women, calling for "1000 October seventh" and saying “We are Hamas”.  In other words “We will do what Hamas did: rape Jewish women.” Can any woman feel safe at Columbia?  (1/2)

— Alan Dershowitz (@AlanDersh) April 22, 2024

Plus:

Imagine what the reaction would be if white racists called for 1000 lynching of Blacks. How is it different if antisemitic racists call for 1000 rapes of Jewish women? (2/2)

— Alan Dershowitz (@AlanDersh) April 22, 2024

That’s completely different because shut up.

The three projects would have delivered 4 gigawatts of offshore wind to help President Joe Biden meet his goal of 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030.

WHEN THEY SHOW WHO THEY ARE, BELIEVE THEM: She Seems Nice: MA Transportation Secretary, ‘Basically, We’re Going After Everyone Who Has Money.’

OPPOSITION TO FOSSIL FUELS IS OPPOSITION TO OUR CIVILIZATION; ‘SUSTAINABLE ENERGY’, LIKE COLD FUSION, IS STILL A PIPE DREAM: The climate scaremongers: Thank heavens for fossil fuels.

From the 3,200 acre solar farm built on prime green belt farmland in Oxford to the 16 million Scottish trees felled to make way for wind farms, somehow we have to save the environment from the greens, says Alan Bunce.

The post Let’s Spare the Environment From the Greens appeared first on The Daily Sceptic.

A deadly heatwave in West Africa was "impossible" without climate change, claims the BBC. But read the fine print and you learn that El Niño was the more likely culprit.

The post Deadly African Heatwave “Impossible” Without Climate Change, Claims BBC appeared first on The Daily Sceptic.

The Ambler Access Road project would open up mining opportunities in Alaska that would supply critical minerals used in solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicle batteries. The Biden administration is expected to deny approval of the road, increasing our reliance on China.

The vote is the result of an agreement Johnson reached with House conservatives last week in exchange for not blocking, for the second time, a rule to allow House floor consideration of the bill to reauthorize section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) for 2 years

HEADLINES FROM FOUR YEARS AGO TODAY: Canadian “Social distancing” police fine Christian Pastor $1,200 for feeding homeless people.

SO, ABOUT ALL THOSE CANCERS:  Evidence is provided that adding 100 % of N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ) to the mRNA vaccine in a melanoma model stimulated cancer growth and metastasis.

[I]t has been discovered that the mRNA vaccines inhibit essential immunological pathways, thus impairing early interferon signaling. Within the framework of COVID-19 vaccination, this inhibition ensures an appropriate spike protein synthesis and a reduced immune activation. Evidence is provided that adding 100 % of N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ) to the mRNA vaccine in a melanoma model stimulated cancer growth and metastasis, while non-modified mRNA vaccines induced opposite results, thus suggesting that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development.

REALCLEARINVESTIGATIONS: Impeachment ‘Whistleblower’ Was in the Loop of Biden-Ukraine Affairs That Trump Wanted Probed.

President Joe Biden has been long accused of false stories that have ranged from an invented arrest with Nelson Mandela to a zombie-like train conductor. Some are more serious like lying about influence peddling by his family or constitutional norms. However, as a military history nut, one new story stood out this week. President Biden suggested that his uncle Ambrose “Bozey” Finnegan may have been eaten by cannibals in World War II. What is striking about this story is the specificity of the key facts … and the fact that they are entirely false (other than his uncle dying near New Guinea).

During a stop in Pittsburgh on Wednesday, Biden told the story of how Bozey may have been consumed by the natives of New Guinea.

“He was a hell of an athlete, they tell me, when he was a kid. He flew those single-engine planes as reconnaissance over war zones, and he got shot down in New Guinea. They never found the body because there used to be, there were a lot of cannibals, for real, in that part of New Guinea.”

The account appears in the official transcript of Biden’s remarks. He added “They never recovered his body, but the government went back when I went down there and they checked and found some parts of the plane.”  It is not clear when that search occurred and where the additional plane parts were found given that it crashed in the ocean. However, it suggests that he later (as senator, Vice President or President) followed up on the story with the military in locating confirming wreckage).

The alternative would be to rely on a witness. Yes, there was a survivor who gave a detailed account, including how Finnegan and the others remained in the plane as it sank.

The more glaring problem is that Bozey was not flying a plane and was not shot down. It was not a single engine plane but a Douglas A-20 Havoc with two Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior 9-cylinder radial engines. He was not the pilot but a passenger on a plane. (Indeed, he was not referenced in the official report as a pilot but a staffer at the Headquarters of the Fifth Air Force). The plane had mechanical problems and crashed near New Guinea. He did not disappear in a sea of cannibals but the actual sea when he and other passengers failed to get out of the wreckage.

“On May 14, 1944, an A-20 havoc (serial number 42-86768), with a crew of three and one passenger, departed Momote Airfield, Los Negros Island, for a courier flight to Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea. For unknown reasons, this plane was forced to ditch in the ocean off the north coast of New Guinea. Both engines failed at low altitude, and the aircraft’s nose hit the water hard. Three men failed to emerge from the sinking wreck and were lost in the crash. One crew member survived and was rescued by a passing barge. An aerial search the next day found no trace of the missing aircraft or the lost crew members.”

That was not the only false claim made by the President in his remarks. It was also surprising to see the President claim that it was after D-Day that all four uncles enlisted. That was June 6, 1944. However, his uncle was shot down in May 1944, which would mean that he was shot down a month before he enlisted. It is more likely that they enlisted like millions of others after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

However, the fake story led me to look into whether there were any accounts of pilots being eaten by cannibals. Surprisingly, there are accounts of Japanese troops engaging in such cannibalism.

One of the documented stories of Japanese cannibalism involved another president. George H.W. Bush was a combat pilot in World War II and  survived being shot down over the Pacific during a raid on the island of Chichi Jima in September of 1944. He was not alone. Nine other airmen went down, but only Bush was able to evade capture because he bailed out over the sea. Nevertheless, he only survived because other pilots gave covering fire as he paddled away in a life raft.

The other eight were not so lucky. James Bradley’s book Flyboys: A Story of True Courage details the tragedy that unfolded. They were beaten and tortured and eventually beheaded.  Major Sueo Matoba then had their flesh prepared for an officers’ feast and a party in his quarters. Also Captain Shizuo Yoshii hosted a similar feast and both General Yoshio Tachibana and and Rear Admiral Kunizo Mori, the army and navy commanders of the island,  reportedly partook in the meals. The four airmen used for the meals were Marve Mershon, Floyd Hall, Jimmy Dye, and Warren Earl Vaughn.

Ironically, there are also stories of native cannibals rescuing downed pilots and, rather than eating them, helping them survive and make it back to their commands.

As is often the case, the White House simply refused to address the false claim and made it sound like reporters were denigrating the service of his uncle by asking about the cannibal story. White House spokesman Andrew Bates declared “President Biden is proud of his uncle’s service in uniform” and emphasized that Finnegan ”lost his life when the military aircraft he was on crashed in the Pacific after taking off near New Guinea.”

 

STANDING UP AGAINST TYRANNY: Court overrules attempted shutdown of Brussels conservative conference following legal challenge: A conference on National Conservatism is proceeding today in Brussels after a Belgian court ruled in the event’s favour against a police shutdown ordered by the local mayor, in what has been hailed as a “victory for free speech”.

HMM:

🚨💥 BREAKING: Explosion at BAE's 155mm artillery shell filling facility, Glascoed, in Wales!

This comes 2 days after there was a small fire at the Scranton Army Ammunition Plant in Pennsylvania, which makes 155mm shell bodies.

BAE tells the Sun that there was an explosion at… pic.twitter.com/bAwgA1uWBK

— Colby Badhwar 🇨🇦🇬🇧 (@ColbyBadhwar) April 17, 2024

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence…

“For the first time, a person has received an experimental treatment to transform one of their lymph nodes into a functioning miniature liver. We won’t know for months whether the therapy works, but if it does, it could revolutionize the treatment of liver disease,” reports the New Scientist. “This is a technology that could, in […]

The post Spleens can be turned into functioning livers, a potential way to save lives of people with liver damage appeared first on Liberty Unyielding.

NOTHING TO SEE HEAR, IGNORE THIS DISINFORMATION*:  Massive cancer deaths study vindicates my warnings over covid boosters.

*Disinformation meaning: Inconvenient (to the “elites”) news.

“Scores of ‘Free Palestine’ protesters across the United States took to the streets Monday to block major airports, highways, and bridges,” reports the Free Beacon. In progressive San Francisco, these protesters were allowed to block the Golden Gate bridge for five hours. Ambulances were blocked and people prevented from catching their flights or going to […]

The post Dark money from left-wing billionaires funded pro-Hamas highway-blockers appeared first on Liberty Unyielding.

So much for European free speech!

TIME HAS COME TODAY: These two stories were published on the same day a few weeks ago.

I’m so old, I can remember when Oceania at least waited a few days in-between declaring it was always at war/never at war with East Asia.

You know how the Covid vaccine is so effective at stopping the disease that you have to get 20 shots for it to work?

Kirby said the reports about U.S. foreknowledge are "nonsense."

“Tom Nash” (I suspect this is a pseudonym) unpacks some of what went down.

First the facts:

• 185 drones, 110 ballistic missiles, and 36 cruise missiles were launched by Iran
• between allied air forces and Israel, over 99% was downed
• the only two casualties (from shrapnel) I’m aware of (from Hebrew media) are a 10-year old Bedouin girl and another girl (of unspecified background) age 7. It is not clear whether the shrapnel that hurt them came from the missiles themselves or from Israeli interceptors.
• Aside from US and UK air force, SAMs, and advanced radar capability in the region, the French helped out as well. But (multiple sources report) the Jordanian air force downed dozens of drones as well, and Tom Nash claims so did the Saudi air force. (Anything Iran sends has to go through the air space of these countries, or make bizarre detours.)
• The Iranians have claimed this operation is concluded and was a success

Now Tom Nash’s analysis:

• he argues that Iran had to do something in response to the targeted elimination by Israel of some of its generals, or lose face
• but that, at the same time, it is not willing to risk a broader regional conflagration until it has a nuke
• hence telegraphing its moves days in advance, then firing a strrike with minimal collateral damage
• this (a direct act of war by Iran) rescues Biden from his electoral embarrassment, where the radical left wing of his party is turning against him.
• Here Tom Nash makes a Freudian slip: he implies that Iran is deliberately helping out Biden here. [It seems Nash holds the 0bama-Biden regime in about the same esteem as I do.]
• Israel’s response is an open question

I suspect, however, that “Abu Hunter” will now lean hard on Israel to wind down the Gaza campaign (and suffer the HamaSS remnant to live to fight another day) as a “quid pro quo” for US defense assistance. Melanie Swan on the Telegraph’s live blog appears to be thinking along the same lines.

ADDENDA:

• Netanyahu called off retaliatory strike on Iran after call with Biden
• Benny Gantz: Israel will respond when time is right, must continue to strengthen regional alliances after successful defense against Iran

World In Shock As Murderous Terrorist State Ignores Warning From Impotent Old Man https://t.co/qRTEhkHL8b pic.twitter.com/43csk8EVOX

— The Babylon Bee (@TheBabylonBee) April 13, 2024

How's everyone loving the Susan Rice administration? https://t.co/cXSh6HsReV

— Stephen L. Miller (@redsteeze) April 14, 2024

And, sadly believably:

Curiously though, the Biden (read: Obama) administration apparently wasn’t actually saying “Don’t” to Iran: “Iran informed Turkey in advance of its planned operation against Israel, a Turkish diplomatic source told Reuters on Sunday, adding that Washington had conveyed to Tehran via Ankara that any action it took had to be ‘within certain limits.’”

UPDATE 2: Yigal Carmon, founding president of MEMRI:

To understand what happened last night during Iran’s direct attack on Israel, one has to go back four years to the killing by the United States of Iran’s Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani. Iran needed to react symbolically in retaliation to save face and asked to do so. The United States allowed it to attack its own Ayn Al-Asad airbase so that no one there would be hurt. Fifteen missiles were fired at the base, with the result being minor damage and not one drop of blood. Iran may deserve a Nobel Peace Prize for being able to fire 15 missiles without killing anyone. [Yes, this is sarcasm ;)]

Lt. Col. Staci Coleman, who was the commander of the 443rd Air Expeditionary Squadron, and members of her squadron testified that they had been briefed about an impending Iranian ballistic missile attack almost six hours before it happened. Captain Wesley Florez, the executive officer of the 1st Expeditionary Rescue Group, said that he had received information about the attack early the previous afternoon.

Trump told Fox News in February 2024: “Do you know, we hit them [Iran] very hard for something that they did, and they had to hit back, they feel they have to do that and I understand that. Do you know, they called me to tell me ‘We’re going to hit a certain location but we’re not gonna hit it, it’s gonna be outside of the perimeter’… They let us know. And we had 16 missiles that went off… And we knew they weren’t going to hit. And now I reveal it… So they aimed those missiles and they said, ‘Please don’t attack us, we’re not going to hit you.’ That was respect, we had respect.”

Iran’s then-foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said that the Iranian regime had informed Iraq of its plans to launch missiles at the U.S. bases. This move guaranteed that Iraq would then inform the U.S., so that precautions would be taken to prevent the loss of life.

Now, let’s come back to Iran’s bombing of Israel last night. Iran wanted to retrieve its deterrence after the killing in Damascus of Iranian General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, who, by Iran’s own testimony, was the mastermind of the October 7 attack. The U.S. then did to Israel what it had done to itself: It coordinated with the Iranians so that civilians would not be struck. Arab media are already reporting this coordination. [See e.g., here at MEMRI itself — Ed.] Iran made it easy for the U.S., Israel, Britain, and Jordan to know what it would and would not do, and where it would do it. Israel was not part of this coordination.

Iran then launched 300 cruise and ballistic missiles and drones, and not even a cat’s tail was injured. When Hamas shoots, there are injuries. When Hezbollah shoots, there are injuries. When Iran shoots, there were none.

One Israeli girl was injured as a result of an air defense missile and not as a result of an attack missile or drone. Just like the damage to Ayn Al-Asad four years ago, there was minor damage to Israel’s Nevatim Air Force Base in the northern Negev, but no one was injured there either. Can this be explained by saying, out of sheer hubris, that the Iranians are weak and stupid? Only naïve people can believe this.

In the days before the attack, America, according to media reports, had exchanges with Iran. Early warnings had been coming from America for a whole week in reports including those in The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg. All of Israel was put in hysteria over the upcoming Iranian attack, which anyway benefitted Prime Minister Netanyahu, pushing from the news his responsibility for October 7. [Ed.: here I part company with Dr. Carmon. While I detest Bibi’s blame deflection game, the entire apparatus, except for a few “Cassandras”, were trapped in what Israelis call a konzeptsiya, in this case that HamaSS had been ‘tamed’.]

America coordinated the attack with Iran so that no one will be physically injured or killed. This was thanks to the highly skilled American, Israeli, British, and Jordanian air defenses.

The Americans played Israel and they are continuing to do so by preventing an Israeli reaction. In fact, they began the pressure on Israel not to react even before the attack took place. CENTCOM’s commander General Michael Kurilla went to Israel on April 13 and pressed for prior coordination with the U.S. of any action by Israel. Now President Biden said it himself: You were not hurt, they failed. Do not do anything. Do not escalate because you will be dragging us into a war. We protected you and no one was hurt. The answer will be diplomatic.

Indeed, no one was hurt, but Israel’s deterrence was struck down by the U.S.’s pre-coordination with Iran. Israel’s deterrence was sold out to save Iran’s deterrence.

When the ballistic missiles that can reach Tel Aviv from Iran in 12 minutes were delayed, I told friends that it was probably in order to stop for refreshments along the way and that the Americans were going to tell us not to react…

Al Jazeera, the Hamas channel aligned with Iran, reported that drones spotted over Aqaba in southern Jordan were continuing on their way to Eilat. Anyone who knows the area knows that drones anywhere in Aqaba could reach the almost adjacent Eilat in two minutes, and yet there were no drone bombings in Eilat…

This coordination with Iran that guarantees no casualties, no injuries, was made over Israel’s head.