Shared posts

17 Dec 17:15

When Did the Great Compression Begin?

by Peter Turchin

Gary Feinman’s proposal that trends in economic inequality have a strong effect on who benefits from the technological innovations has resulted in a very lively discussion. Most comments seem to agree that there is definitely something to it, but question the details. In particular, when did the surge in labor-saving and convenience-creating technologies began? And how well does it coincide with the Great Compression, the period during the 20th century when incomes and wealth of common people were converging to those of the elites?

“The Great Compression” was coined by the Harvard economist Claudia Goldin and her co-author Robert Margo. They date it to the post-war period, late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. However, as I argue in my forthcoming book on the structural-demographic analysis of American history, the great majority of indicators point to an earlier start – during the Progressive Era, and certainly no later than the New Deal.

Here’s the graph showing how the 1 percent did in terms of incomes and wealth:

u-shapeClearly, after the crash of 1929 and into the 1970s the trend was down, down. However, there are reasons to believe that the peak of 1929 is an artificial one (due to the bull market of the Roaring Twenties) and the actual peak was right around 1900, or at the very end of the Gilded Age (the last three decades of the nineteenth century). Unfortunately, good quantitative data for incomes is available only from 1913 and for wealth from 1922, so I will not insist on this interpretation here and now.

Various indicators of well-being, however, clearly had their turning points around 1900-1910:

wellbeingOf particular interest is the curve of relative wages (wages divided by GDP per capita). This statistic tells us what proportion of the fruits of economic growth goes to workers, as opposed to employers. Relative wage began increasing during the Progressive Era (the first two decades of the twentieth century). The overall curve of well-being (averaged over different proxies) also began growing during the Progressive Era. So the start of the Great Compression should be dated as c.1910 (or, if you want a range, between 1900 and 1920). Interestingly, the Great Depression had a short-lasting or even no effect on various well-being indicators, which continued to grow during the 1930s.

modelT

source

In light of this re-periodization of the Great Compression, let’s look at the automobile data. The Historical Statistics of the United States provides several data sets relevant to this issue, but only one extends all the way to 1900, the number of motor vehicle registrations. Here’s what the data look like, when scaled by the US population:

carsWe see that the curve takes off after 1910 and that during the 1920s the automobile truly becomes an item of mass consumption: 2 registrations for 10 Americans (babies included). There are a couple of setbacks associated with the Great Depression and WWII, and then the curve resumes its surge.

Curiously it hits a ceiling right after 1980s. Perhaps that indicates the saturation of the market, but if so, how do we explain the decline after 1990? Unfortunately the data stops in 1995, so we don’t know what happened after that.

I conclude that the growth in automobile ownership fits the Great Compression very well. So the Feinman thesis (modified to account for an earlier start of the Great Compression) is strongly supported.

(As an additional note, the same pattern seems to hold for electricity and appliances – see a comment by O.Voron on the previous blog).


14 Dec 17:07

布什与前中情局官员联手,质疑酷刑报告

by PETER BAKER

外界对参议院的一份谴责中央情报局(Central Intelligence Agency,简称CIA)使用酷刑的报告期待已久。如今该报告尚未公开,前总统乔治·W·布什(George W. Bush)的团队已经打算与一些前情报官员联手,对报告的结论发起挑战。

据称,报告认为CIA在水刑等残酷手段的性质、范围和效果上,对布什及其白宫团队进行了误导。据相关讨论的参与者说,一些前布什政府官员私下里建议抓住这一点,让自己和这些争议性项目保持距离。但如一位前官员所说,布什和他最信赖的顾问决定,“我们应该支持这些人。”

布什在周日播放的一次访谈节目中申明了这一点。“这些为了我们在CIA努力工作的男男女女,有他们是我们的幸运,”他对CNN的坎迪·克劳利(Candy Crowley)说。“他们是爱国者,不管报告怎么说,如果它抹杀了他们对国家的贡献,那就太过分了。”

这些都是“非常好的人,有他们在是国之大幸,”他说。

为了应对这份可能造成不良影响的报告,前情报官员们在寻找盟友,他们近日私下里向布什团队保证,没有欺骗他们,并游说前总统的顾问们站出来为他们说话。为该项目作辩解的行动是由两位前CIA局长乔治·J·特尼特(George J. Tenet)和麦克尔·V·海登上将(Gen. Michael V. Hayden)以及前CIA副局长、曾任代局长的约翰·E·麦克劳克林(John E. McLaughlin)等人组织的。

“一旦报告公开,我们会有话说,会把与此相关的一些材料公布出来,”麦克劳克林在周日说。由于签有保密协议,他没有透露细节,但泛泛地说报告“对信息进行了选择性的使用,并时常加以扭曲以证明其观点,而且在我印象里也没有提供什么建议。”

海登则补充说,前CIA团队反对参议院对他们的行动进行了刻板描绘。“我们不是要为用刑作辩解,”他在周日通过电子邮件说。“我们是为历史作辩护。”

海登周日早些时候在CBS新闻频道(CBS News)的《面对国民》(Face the Nation)上说,声称CIA“曾就某个无甚益处的项目向所有人撒谎,是难以想象的。”

前CIA审讯项目负责人小何塞·A·罗德里格斯(Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.)在周日说,现在在攻击情报局的那些人,曾在2001年9月11日的袭击发生后敦促局方尽一切手段阻止袭击再度发生。“我们是按照这些要求行事的,我们是在确保合法后行事的,我们知道我们的行动是有效的,”罗德里格斯在《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)的文章中写道。

一位要求在报告发布前不公布姓名的参议院官员周日表示,报告的作者打算等到报告公布后再回应海登、罗德里格斯等人,届时他们可以回顾自己收集到的事实,让美国人民做出自己的判断。

据了解内情的人称,这份6000页的参议院情报委员会(Senate Intelligence Committee)报告对9·11袭击后的第一年内,CIA对恐怖主义嫌疑人进行的审讯给予了尖锐的批评,质疑了施刑的有效性,并揭露了该项目的更多细节。报告还表示,在外的CIA官员可能对总部官员进行了误导。

数位前官员称,布什和他的顾问都没有被委员会约谈。前白宫副法律顾问、布什的律师威廉·博尔克(William Burck)受邀代表布什对报告进行审阅,但前官员说,当时报告已经完成,已经来不及给出任何有意义的建议。他们说,当时这项邀约被拒绝了。

参议院官员称,委员会没有约谈的主要原因是当时有一项司法部(Justice Department)的刑事调查,委员会要求和司法部进行协同面谈,但被拒绝了。该官员称,委员会依据的是CIA检察长此前主持的100多次面谈的对话记录。

该官员称,邀请布什政府进行发布前审阅的是奥巴马的白宫,而非委员会,但委员会没有表示反对,只是强调不管谁要看报告,都不能在公布前透露其内容。

委员会今年投票决定,公布一份解密的行政报告摘要,在围绕涂黑处理进行了数月磋商后,委员会主席、加利福尼亚州民主党参议员戴安·范斯坦(Dianne Feinstein)终于打算在本周公布该摘要。

但国务卿约翰·克里(John Kerry)在周五致电范斯坦,提醒她盟国对该摘要的公布存有疑虑,担心它会引发动荡,将被恐怖主义组织关押的美国人置于危险境地。

审讯项目的批评者称,参议院不应该再拖延公布日期。“以担心可能给国家安全造成负面影响为由,推迟参议院报告的公布,这是在转移注意力,”人权观察组织(Human Rights Watch)华盛顿总监莎拉·玛尔根(Sarah Margon)说。“为一个已经终止的酷刑项目继续保守秘密,这才是真正的不利之举,因为这样做剥夺了我们就所发生之事展开辩论、并确保它不再发生的权利。”

纽约时报中文网

14 Dec 16:53

书评:还原一个真实的斯大林


约翰•桑希尔

我们能够理解一个杀人如麻的刽子手和独裁者的想法吗?

最近在英国《金融时报》举办的一次活动中,马丁•埃米斯(Martin Amis)在谈及他关于纳粹大屠杀的最新小说《利害之畿》(The Zone of Interest)时,提出了这个问题。埃米斯认为,就希特勒而言,几乎不可能理解是什么使这位纳粹头子犯下诸多罪行。只因为盲目的憎恨就屠杀数百万无辜的人,这若非超出人类理解能力之外,也...

14 Dec 13:22

2014年平板电脑和PC增速放缓,受智能手机影响严重

       美国市场调查公司IDC最近汇总的报告显示,预计2014年全球的平板电脑出货量为2亿3570万台,仅比上年增长7.2%。2013年平板电脑的全球出货量比上年增长52.5%,首次突破2亿大关,在此之前也一直保持高增长,然而,2014年的增长率大幅降低……
13 Dec 20:26

印度大幅减持国有银行股份

詹姆斯•克拉布特里孟买报道

印度计划通过减持国有银行股份,筹集总计1.6万亿卢比(合260亿美元)资金。此举很可能会产生深远影响,成为未来印度银行业私有化进程的前奏。目前印度的银行业由政府主导。

印度国有银行正面临严重的资本金匮乏。评级机构惠誉(Fitch)表示,这些银行需在2019年以前筹集2000亿美元,才能满足《巴塞尔协议III》(Basel III)的资本规定,并应付近期问题贷款的急剧增长。

13 Dec 20:25

ISIS发布手册指导其追随者捕获和性虐女奴

by 桃子

ISIS发布手册指导其追随者捕获和性虐女奴

ISIS为它的追随者们印刷了一本小册子,册子中详细指导了Isis成员该如何俘获、留下并性侵女性奴隶。布里斯托大学性别和暴力研究中心的研究人员说上个月ISIS绑架了叙利亚和伊拉克地区2500多名隶属雅兹迪教派的女性,另外还至少有4600名女性被报失踪。该研究中心的Nazand Begikhani说这些女性的待遇和畜生一样。

手册中的内容告诉激进分子该如何对待他们的奴隶。最令人震惊的是激进分子一旦得到了一名女奴隶,就立马得到了强奸她的许可;另外如果女性奴隶没有进入青春期,但如果她合适性交,激进分子也被允许与其性交。下面是Isis成员为其追随者而提供的问答节选:

问题1:什么是al-sabi?
“al-sabi指叙利亚和阿拉伯这些战争地区被穆斯林占有的女士。”

问题2:为何可以占有这些女士?
“因为她们不信她们被占有后,占有她们的人能够带她们回伊斯兰住所。”

问题4:能和这些女奴性交吗?
“可以。真主安拉说过:‘成功属于那些捍卫他们贞洁信徒,除了归他们所有的妻子或者俘虏和奴隶,那时候他们才不受责罚……(《古兰经》23章:5-6节)’”

问题5:在占有女奴的一瞬间就能同她性交吗?
“如果她是个处女,那么她的主人可以在占有她的那一刻同她性交。然而,如果她不是处女,一定要先净化她的子宫……”

问题6:能卖掉女奴吗?
“女性俘虏和奴隶的主人可以对其自由买卖或者赠送,因为她们只不过是财产罢了,只要不造成任何伤害就可对其自由支配。”

问题9:如果女奴已经被她的主人享用过了,那么他接下来还能卖掉她吗?
“如果她怀了孩子就不能卖……”

问题13:能与没到青春期的女奴性交吗?
“如果她适合性交没到青春期也可以;但如果她不适合,那么用非性交的方式享用她就够了。”

问题19:能打女奴吗?
“可以将打作为一种调教的手段,但不能暴打、虐打以实现自己的满足感或者折磨她。另外,禁止打脸。”

问题21:如果女奴从主人身边逃走该怎么惩罚?
“伊斯兰教法律没有规定该怎么惩罚逃跑的女奴;不过;应该以一种杀鸡儆猴的方式来谴责她,避免其他类似她这样的人逃跑。”

ISIS发布手册指导其追随者捕获和性虐女奴

[桃子 via independent]

13 Dec 20:12

中国的Android应用“打包党”

by WinterIsComing
凡有Android应用流行,你会很快看到大量相同版本但发行方不同的应用出现。这些应用是所谓的“打包党”做的。《第一财经日报》 报道了打包党灰色产业链:这些被业内人士称为“打包党”的人(或公司),会将互联网上最热门的应用拆包,此后插入一些自己想要分发的东西再重新拼装,最后把这些“二次打包”的软件重新发布,以此牟利。两个人分头创业做APP开发,1年后,在iOS上做游戏的小伙伴都挣到了买房子的首付;而醉心Android的开发者还在借钱交房租。这一切都是因为Android“打包党”的存在。猎豹安全专家李铁军预测,如今市面的安装包约30%都被“打包党”篡改过,“我们收集的Android程序样本总量超过2000万个,如果不是此类盗版或山寨软件的流入,总量绝不会有这么多,安装率越高的软件被‘二次打包’的可能性越大。”像保卫萝卜、植物大战僵尸、水果忍者等曾经火爆的APP,都无一例外遭遇过“二次打包”。相比以植入木马通过恶意扣费来获取利润的方式,通过嵌入广告方式赚钱的“打包党”在盈利模式上与很多正规安卓APP开发者并无二致。只不过,由于“打包党”是直接破解别人的APP,所以基本上是无本生意。
13 Dec 18:50

Climate and Elite Opinion

by David Friedman
I have spent a good deal of time observing and participating in arguments about global warming. One striking point that I have not seen discussed is the sharp divergence between elite opinion and mass opinion.

Elite opinion, the New York Times, official statements by various scientific organizations and the like, views global warming as a dire threat, one that requires drastic and immediate action to prevent. Mass opinion, not only in the U.S. but, according to at least one poll I saw, world wide, puts it very far down in the list of what people are concerned about, perhaps tenth or twentieth. This pattern is reflected in the online discussions, where people concerned about warming mostly base their arguments on some version of "everyone who is anyone agrees with me." Their picture of the situation, pretty clearly, is one in which the truth is perfectly clear and it is only uneducated fundamentalists or people in the pay of the oil companies who can disagree.

My reasons for questioning part of that picture, not the fact of warming due to human actions but the likely consequences, I have discussed in past posts here. My general skepticism of elite opinion comes from many past disagreements with it, most notably on political and economic issues. My point here, however, is not about whether the elite view is right or wrong but about the relation between the elite view and the mass view in different countries.

Among western developed countries, Australia appears least supportive of action against warming, Germany most, the U.S. in between. Germany has been involved in a very high profile effort to push down its output of CO2. The current Australian government, so far as I can make out, has mostly rejected calls for anything along similar lines. In the U.S., the President is strongly in favor of climate action, the Congress reluctant to support it, with the result that the administration has been trying to implement its views by regulatory action instead of legislation.

After a summer in Australia many years ago, I concluded two things about the country. One was that it had a larger variety of flavored potato chips than anywhere else in the world, including all the British versions and all the U.S. versions. The second, possibly related, was that Australia had a full range of social classes built almost entirely out of an originally working class population. One implication, consistent with at least casual observation, is that Australians have less respect for their betters, their social superiors, their elite, than any other population on the globe. 

Germany, I think, represents the opposite pattern. The U.S. is somewhere in between. Unlike European countries, the U.S. never had a system with well defined social classes, the sort of system where there was a close correlation between how much money someone had, how much education he had, and how he spoke. One result is that Americans are  less inclined to see all political issues as my class vs your class than Europeans (I must confess that my view of Europeans is heavily weighted towards Great Britain, as the only European country whose language I am fluent in). Another, I think, is that Americans have less respect for their elite.

If I am correct—I am far from expert in the various societies and may be misinterpreting them—there is a pattern. Countries where the elite is more influential are more likely to take costly actions aimed at reducing global warming.

At a final tangent, I recently came across an online post, based in part on another post by a blogger I think very highly of, which nicely stated one of my reservations about arguments for the current elite view of warming.
13 Dec 14:35

The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels: We Can Live With Warming, by Bryan Caplan

Rolling Stone (ahem) includes Alex Epstein, author of The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels, on its list of top "global warming deniers."  Epstein:
[T]hose who dispute catastrophic global warming are accused of denying the greenhouse effect and global warming. I experienced this in 2013 when I woke up to find myself named to Rolling Stone's Top 10 list of "Global Warming's Denier Elite" --in which they cited three articles of mine, each of which explained that CO2 has a warming effect!
How can anyone believe in anthropogenic global warming yet continue to enthuse over fossil fuels?  It's a question of magnitudes, of course.  Massive warming is deadly; modest warming is fine.  Epstein thinks the magnitude of warming has been - and will remain - modest.  Which brings us to the obvious question: Why should anyone go with his judgment, rather than the scientific consensus?

There was a time, Epstein admits, that he didn't take this challenge seriously. 
But there was so much going on in discussions of global warming , I didn't know how to decide where the evidence lay. I would hear different sides say different things about sea levels, polar bears, wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, temperature increases, what was and wasn't caused by global warming, and on and on.

With such a mess to work with, I - like most, I think - tended to side with the scientists or commentators whose conclusions were more congenial to me. I will admit to reiterating the arguments of skeptics of of catastrophic global warming with the lack of rigor I think is extremely common among believers. But I didn't do this for long. I acknowledged that I didn't really know what to think, and the idea that we might be making the Earth fundamentally uninhabitable scared me.
Most us, myself included, are in the same epistemic boat.  I'm not qualified to evaluate Epstein's main claims about the magnitude of global warming.  But he expresses his main claims so clearly that experts shouldn't find it hard to confirm or deny them.  Two claims in particular stand out.

Claim #1: While hard experimental evidence confirms a greenhouse effect, this effect is logarithmic; increasing CO2 warms at a decreasing rate:
While I've met thousands of students who think the greenhouse effect of CO2 is a mortal threat, I can't think of ten who could tell me what kind of effect it is. Even "experts" often don't know, particularly those of us who focus on the human-impact side of things. One internationally renowned scholar I spoke to recently was telling me about how disastrous the greenhouse effect was , and I asked her what kind of function it was. She didn't know. What I told her didn't give her pause, but I think it should have.

As the following illustration shows, the greenhouse effect of CO2 is an extreme diminishing effect--a logarithmically decreasing effect. This is how the function looks when measured in a laboratory.
Figure 4.1: The Decelerating, Logarithmic Greenhouse Effect
epstein1.jpg

Claim #2: Complex interactions between this logarithmic greenhouse effect and other factors could generate a lot more warming, but this is not based on hard experimental evidence.  The only way to judge these more complex climate models is against observational data.  What we've learned over the past few decades is that these models systematically overstate warming:
Here's the summary of what has actually happened-- a summary that nearly every climate scientist would have to agree with. Since the industrial revolution, we've increased CO2 in the atmosphere from .03 percent to .04 percent, and temperatures have gone up less than a degree Celsius, a rate of increase that has occurred at many points in history. Few deny that during the last fifteen-plus years, the time of record and accelerating emissions, there has been little to no warming-- and the models failed to predict that. By contrast, if one assumed that CO2 in the atmosphere had no major positive feedbacks, and just warmed the atmosphere in accordance with the greenhouse effect, this mild warming is pretty much what one would get.

Thus every prediction of drastic future consequences is based on speculative models that have failed to predict the climate trend so far and that speculate a radically different trend than what has actually happened in the last thirty to eighty years of emitting substantial amounts of CO2.
Which brings us to the single most striking figure in the whole book.

Figure 4.3: Climate Prediction Models That Can't Predict Climate
epstein2.jpg
[larger version]

My question for experts: Is there anything seriously wrong with this figure?  In particular, is it really true that virtually every major climate model overpredicts global temperature?  I'm genuinely curious, but I insist on a straight answer.

(30 COMMENTS)
11 Dec 17:59

[金融市场] 美国联邦上诉法院推翻两项内幕交易定罪

美国一家联邦上诉法院推翻了两项有关内幕交易的定罪,并裁定利用内部消息买卖股票并不总是违法的。这使美国司法部打击华尔街内幕交易的努力受挫。


11 Dec 12:51

Google建议开发者从Eclipse切换到Android Studio 1.0

by Abel Avram
Google发布了Android Studio 1.0,并建议开发者离开Eclipse。 By Abel Avram Translated by 臧秀涛
09 Dec 13:23

Why do people in Manhattan wait in line so much?

by Tyler Cowen

Restaurants, movies, you name it, it seems you so often see people in The Big Apple waiting in line.  In the spacious northern Virginia, in contrast, things are built larger and sellouts are uncommon.  You stroll right in and let them take your money.

It is not a priori that the net effect should work this way.  Manhattan has higher rents, but also a higher value of human capital, and thus possibly the losses from waiting time are higher.  But Manhattan also has higher inequality, which means those waiting are often the young rather than the wealthy.  The rich can queue-jump in separate spheres of activity, whether it be holding MOMA membership, being a regular at Le Bernardin, or getting a special invitation to the movie premiere on opening night and walking down a red carpet.

(If you are wondering “why don’t they just raise the price?”, raising the price changes the composition and quality mix of buyers, not always in desired ways for long-run profit maximization.  In the implicit model here, allowing queuing and building more capacity are two alternative substitutes for raising the price.)

Lately I have noticed a small but perhaps not insignificant increase in “waiting culture” in Washington, D.C.  What are ostensibly the town’s two best restaurants –  Little Serow and Rose’s Luxury — now both involve significant waits, as the places do not take reservations.

Income inequality is rising, and in select parts of this country, land rents are rising more rapidly than are returns to human capital for the marginal buyer/waiter.

Does that mean we can expect a culture of waiting to spread further throughout the bicoastal United States?

08 Dec 18:37

【专题】改变世界的智能机器人

       软银移动6月5日发布的面向个人用户的机器人Pepper带来了什么样的冲击?与过去的机器人热有何不同?为了解答这些问题,笔者用了大约1个月的时间,走访了多位相关人士。其中包括Pepper开发的领导者、导演Pepper形态的吉本机器人研究所等……
08 Dec 17:44

硬盘10TB时代,“冷存储”会怎样

       “今后,数据将以年均40%的速度增长。到2020年,全球的数据量将达到现在10倍,也就是44ZB。”——HGST公司高级副总裁Dave Tang援引IDC的调查结果,强调大容量存储的需求将达到前所未有的规模……
07 Dec 15:28

维基百科既然发展得那么好,干嘛还吵着要捐款?

by Ivy喵

维基百科既然发展得那么好,干嘛还吵着要捐款?

维基百科一年一度的资金筹集运动正在进行中,但这激起了一些人的愤怒,他们对网站请求捐款的口气和方式很不满。

这个在线百科全书每年都要在圣诞节前一个月开始进行资金筹集,网站上会弹出窗口呼吁用户捐款3美元——“也就是买一杯咖啡的钱”。但这次,由于窗口中文字的用词,以及窗口大小占据页面大部分空间,让一些人产生了不满情绪。

维基百科既然发展得那么好,干嘛还吵着要捐款?

维基媒体基金会(The Wikimedia Foundation, WMF)是维基百科背后的非营利机构,而它并没有陷入财政困境,而却富得流油。根据WMF最近的财务报表,机构有2790万美元的现金和2330万美元的投资,资产总额较去年增长了近1300万美元。

在了解了这些数据后,人们开始争论维基百科还让人捐款是否合适。维基媒体软件开发工程师Ori Livneh写道:“窗口里的文字表达的紧迫感与我所了解的公司财政状况不相符。对筹资策略的定量评价应该考虑对所有资产的影响,不论是有形的还是无形的。这些包括基金会的信誉和名声,而这两样东西要破坏很容易,重建起来就很难。”

来自The Register媒体的Andrew Orlowski的态度则更强硬,他表示“既然WMF的运营成本和资金收入相差悬殊,那么基金筹集就不用每年都搞。另外,他们也该想想如何奖励那些维基百科的幕后英雄了”(指的是那些无偿自愿写文章的作者们)。

另一些人则不同意Orlowski对基金会的批评。维基百科创始人Jimmy Wales在他的用户页面上表示他对维基百科的财政记录非常自豪,认为他们手头的资金是节俭和谨慎的表现。

对WMF资金安排最尖锐的批判之一来自Newslines的Mark Devlin,他写道:“WMF去年花了大约68.4万美元在买家具上,平均到每个职员身上就有3200美元,你们的捐款都拿去给他们做金凳子了!”

WMF的执行理事Lila Tretikov也发表了评论,她写道:“这类筹款本身来说就比较鲁莽,不过我们一直都在进行改善。今年我们的筹款文字较去年只做了很少修改,明年我们会采用不同的消息内容,我们的团队也会欢迎大家的提议。”Tretikov已经让热心的用户们为明年的筹款通知出谋划策,不过今年的筹款已经快结束了,议论也会渐渐平息,不过来年的这个时候,争论还会继续。

[Ivy喵 via dailydot ]

06 Dec 16:51

养孩子太贵了

by Ivy喵

养孩子真是越来越贵了。看看最近来自美国劳工统计局的数据就知道,这张图显示了近几十年来美国家庭中等收入和各种开支的变化情况。

图中有几方面特别引人注目。首先,能源、汽油和医疗花费的提高速度远大于收入。同时,个人电脑和家用电器的价格有所降低,而买车花的钱远比收入增长的慢。
养孩子太贵了

但是最让人惊讶的是那条蓝色的线,它代表着育儿和教育的费用。这条线走势太高,以至于超出了图表之外。所以我们为了展示这个费用到底有多大,补充了这张图。
养孩子太贵了

育儿和教育费用包括小学、中学和大学的学杂费,以及照顾孩子所需要的费用和幼儿园的花费。

养孩子太贵了

虽然没有在图中列出,其它一些重要的花费的提高速度也远超收入,包括房租、法律及专业服务,还有酒店价格。参与这项统计的分析家们写道:“这些支出的大头部分是导致美国家庭经济状况下滑的主要原因。”

他们所提到的家庭是指低收入和中等收入家庭,这些家庭在必需品价格提高的情况下受到的影响更大。这也加剧了近几十年来中产阶级缓慢瓦解,并阻碍了美国经济的发展。《华尔街日报》的消费者价格数据分析则显示,医疗保健、房租和教育支出的大幅上涨导致了人们在服装和娱乐方面的消费减少。因此,大型零售商和连锁饭店不得不想尽办法来吸引人们来消费。

[Ivy喵 via huffingtonpost ]

05 Dec 12:35

HIV病毒威力减弱传染性降低

by WinterIsComing
英国牛津大学的研究小组认为,随着人体免疫系统对HIV病毒的适应,HIV病毒的威力“被冲淡”了。发表在PNAS上的研究报告指出,HIV感染后需要更长的时间引发艾滋病,而病毒本身出现的变化可能有助于对这一感染性病毒的控制。有些病毒学家甚至认为,随着病毒不断演化,有朝一日甚至可能成为“无甚危害”。目前全世界超过3500万人感染了HIV病毒。 HIV病毒可谓伪装大师,能迅速而且轻易地就发生异变,从而适应人体的免疫系统。但“代价”是复制繁殖能力降低,反过来使得病毒传染性降低,演变成艾滋病的时间更长。研究还发现,抗逆转录病毒药物也同样在迫使HIV病毒转弱。其他的病毒专家谨慎地指出,还需要相当长的时间,HIV才可能演变成完全无害的病毒。






04 Dec 18:28

[WSJ博客] 中国国有企业规模有多大?

本文介绍了有关中国国有企业规模的几个数字,如国有企业数量为155,000家;国有企业在战略性行业中所占的比重为48%等数字。


02 Dec 18:56

Who to Fear, by Bryan Caplan

While writing The Case Against Education's section on education and crime, I came across an interesting FBI table on victim/perpetrator demographics for homicide.  "Homicides" includes murder and manslaughter, but excludes "justifiable killings" by authorities or private citizens.

First, the racial breakdown for 2011 homicides:

Race of victim

     Total

Race of offender

White

Black

Other

Unknown

White

3,172

2,630

448

33

61

Black

2,695

193

2,447

9

46

Other race

180

45

36

99

0

Unknown race

84

36

27

3

18


The big shocking fact: The vast majority of homicides are either white-on-white (43%) or black-on-black (40%).  Consistent with stereotypes, white-on-black homicide is rare - 3% of the total.  But contrary to stereotypes, black-on-white homicide is also rare - 7% of the total.  In fact, since blacks are roughly 13% of the U.S. population, black-on-white homicides are almost exactly as common as you'd expect if black murderers randomly selected their victims from the U.S. population.  Murder is overwhelmingly intra-racial.

The results for gender look entirely different:



Sex of offender

Sex of Victim

Total

Male

Female

Unknown

Male

4,304

3,760

450

94

Female

1,743

1,590

140

13

Unknown

84

63

3

18

02 Dec 18:48

伊朗、委内瑞拉、俄罗斯承受油价下跌之痛

油价下跌对美国普通消费者来说是好事,但对于伊朗、委内瑞拉、俄罗斯这些敌视美国的国家财政可就吃不消了。


02 Dec 13:42

Chromebook美国学校销量首次超过iPad

by WinterIsComing
市场研究公司IDC称,Google的Chromebook笔记本电脑首次在美国教育市场的销量上打败了苹果的iPad。在2014年第三季度,Google向学校交付了71.5万台Chromebook电脑,而苹果交付了70.2万部iPad。相比 iPad Air,Chromebook的最大优势是低价格。一台Chromebook笔记本电脑售价199美元,而 iPad Air即使打了教育折扣后仍然高达379美元。此外,学校也更偏爱有实体键盘的Chromebook而不是触摸屏的 iPad。即使选择 了iPad的学校,他们仍然为学生提供带键盘的保护套,这进一步增加了费用。学校IT部门也更偏爱更容易管理的Chromebook。






30 Nov 08:22

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

by luga

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

来自西非加纳的亚文化艺术家们为许多好莱坞当红电影设计了另类的画在面粉袋上的海报。这种艺术形式据说在上世纪80到90年代达到了鼎盛期,因为在那个时期非洲的艺术家们都必须运用自己天马行空地想象设计海报从而为萧条的非洲电影业挽救一些顾客。所以你甚至可以在他们设计的海报中看到一些原本电影里没有的场景和人物。

2000年之后,这种艺术创作形式的发展开始走下坡路,因为当时加纳人开始购买电视机和录像机导致了一些电影院的倒闭。但随着时间的推移,这种另类的手绘海报不断增值。事实上,许多西方艺术收藏家甚至开出几千美元一张的高价想收购这种海报。于是,许多当地的艺术家又开始重操旧业,并开始利用这种创作手法重新设计一些近几十年来流行的电影的海报。

今年39岁的Jeaurs Oka Afutu就是其中的一员,他14岁的时候就开始在街上画海报。现在他把工作室搬到了家里,并将作品以一张75到100美元的价格出售。他将自己的巧思融入海报的创作,在僵尸猎人的手中放上刀子或者在电影设定中没有配备武器的超级英雄手中画上枪支。Jeaurs的超现实作品甚至被一些评论家们认为比电影本身更有艺术价值。不过据说Jeaurs并没有看过自己创作的大部分作品所相应的电影。

去年秋天,Jeaurs在麻布袋上画了一副关《火星人玩转地球》的海报。他设计了一个拿着枪炮穿着比基尼有着狗头的女人,还有一些原本电影里并没有的元素。他在设计第一滴血的海报时也加入了很多电影里从未有过的场景。“加入一些动作戏,战争还有女性角色,对电影来说都是很有用的元素。主要要看观众的喜好。”他说。

非洲艺术收藏家Ernie Wolfe在上世纪90年代初就注意到了这类电影海报,他认为这类艺术家对创作有着非常独特的构思。“他们真的是非常棒的艺术家,他们可以随心所欲地画出自己想要的东西。”他说。Wolfe坦言自己看过许多这类作品以至于他目前已经为这一流派写了两本书。

”8,90年代黄金时期的电影海报中最棒的都是那些突破限制天马行空的作品。“Wolfe解释道,”这种创作形式给了艺术家们无限的自由去想象。他们利用想象吸引人们的注意,没有什么是不可以想象,只有想象不到的事。因为他们的工作就是去吸引顾客,让他们从公车上下来或者停好车然后走进电影院。大概对于他们来说唯一的限制就是画布的大小,他们只有两种尺寸可以选择,一种是敞开的50千克面粉袋,另一种是把袋子两端缝合起来的画布。除此之外,他们的创作真的毫无限制。”

Wolfe还认为这些海报甚至能表现出一些原本电影中没有表现出的内涵。“这些被悬挂在角落被公车路过喷溅的泥浆弄脏的海报其实以它们的方式诉说着一个个内容丰富的故事。”他说。

据悉,这种黄金时代复古海报的售价一般在1500美元到3000美元之间,当然一些仿品也开始出现。不过Wolfe认为不应该称那些作品为仿品,它认为这是一种向经典致敬的形式。“当初那些为加纳人民创作的海报与现在这些为我们这些收藏家们创作的海报间有很大的差异。”Wolfe说。

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

行情看好,加纳人大量炮制复古风格的手绘电影海报

[luga via Oddity Central]

29 Nov 10:31

Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

by Skywalker

Mayank Singh Shishodia

以下大部分是我从IFLS(I Fxxking Love Science)的脸书页面上看到的。

皱鳃鲨[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
只生活在大西洋和太平洋的深海里,因其相似于古生代的鲨鱼而被称为活化石。十分罕见,2007年在日本附近的海面捕获过一只濒死的皱鳃鲨。

Promachoteuthis sulcus (注:据说刚刚发现,通俗名称还没有)
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
像是梦魇中的奇怪生物。可以看到类似人类牙齿的东西,但其实只是部分皮肤。这是唯一的一个被发现的标本。于2007年发现与南大西洋2000米的深海里。

南极冰鱼[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
其血液中没有血红蛋白,所以呈白色。有着几近透明的身体,可以通过皮肤直接从周围水中吸收氧气。

透翅蝶/透明蛇目蝶
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
翅膀呈透明或半透明,主要分布在圭亚那,巴西,厄瓜多尔,秘鲁,玻利维亚等南美地区。

手枪虾/鼓虾[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
据说在所有海洋生物中可以发出最响的声音,足以盖过鲸鱼的声音。事实上,它们钳子发出的声音有时候甚至能够干扰军队和科研用的声纳(以前潜艇常用它们的栖息地来隐藏自己)。

狮鬃水母[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
世界上最大的水母。6500万年前的恐龙时代之前它们就存在于北冰洋海域,是世界上最老的物种。它们的帽直径可达到8英尺,数百条触手可达120英尺长。不过,水母里只有6%的固体,其他都是水。

蓝脚鲣鸟[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
主要生活在中美洲和南美洲的西海岸。亮蓝色的脚是繁殖选择的结果。雄性的脚越蓝就越吸引雌性。在求偶时,它们会用独特的舞蹈来展示自己的蓝色脚趾。

雌雄嵌体北美红雀
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
这种照片可不是PS的。这是一只雌雄嵌体的北美红雀。它的一半是雌性(淡色),一半是雄性(红色)。

墨西哥鈍口螈[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
它不是鱼,而是两栖动物,俗名“六角恐龙”。

亚马逊牛奶树蛙
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

玻璃蛙[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
有着半透明的皮肤,主要栖息地在中美洲和南美洲。它们的整个内脏,包括心肝和消化系统都可透过皮肤直接看到。

雪人蟹[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
2005年被发现。生活在南太平洋海域,可长至15cm长。多生活在2200米的深海热泉附近。因发现后无法分入当时存在的任何科或属中,因此暂独自构成同名的科和属,直到后来2011年才发现第二个同种。多毛的钳子包含很多丝状细菌,雪人蟹可能就是通过它们将热泉附近的含碳物质转化为养分。这个叫做化能合成作用。也可能它以这些细菌为食。

笑脸蜘蛛
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

警报水母
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
警报水母的防御机制很独特。受到攻击时,它们会通过生物荧光作用放出耀眼的光线并逃走。发光的目的是造成捕食者的迷惑和互相攻击。

雞冠多角海蛞蝓
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
西印度洋发现的海蛞蝓。体长50mm左右,黑色的身体上点缀着绿色的荧光斑点。它们可以蛰人,但自己没有刺细胞,主要通过捕食水母将其毒素据为己用。

橡皮龟[link]
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
世界上最大的海龟,体重可达900公斤。虽然是海龟,但它其实没有龟壳。类似龟壳的部分其实是骨头支撑起的皮肤。

粉色宽吻海豚
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

紫蛙
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

撒旦叶尾壁虎
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

Mohamed Riyaz

白化动物是很罕见的。

白化鳄鱼
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化海龟
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

一半白化的孔雀
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

完全版
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

一半白化的蛇
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化鲸鱼
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化狮子
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化老虎
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化哈士奇
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化刺猬
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化乌鸦
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化斑马
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化长颈鹿
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化企鹅(2002年出生于布里斯托动物园)
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化松鼠
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化袋鼠
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化黑猩猩
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化梅花鹿
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化喜鹊
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化几维鸟
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

白化狼獾
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

虽然很漂亮,但白化动物在自然界是很危险的,它们没有与生俱来的保护色来保护自己。
另外,有些动物本来有纯白色的物种,比如小白兔。

Xu Beixi

吸血鬼鹿
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

兔豚鼠
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

星鼻鼹
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

鼠鹿
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

长颈龟
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

大王具足虫
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

蝎蛉
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

鹦嘴鱼
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

Kavya Guddehithulu Nagesh

豹猫
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

Dhruv Kela

长颈象鼻虫
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

海猪
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
生活在大西洋,太平洋和印度洋的深海海底,以海底泥土里的食物残渣为食。

㺢㹢狓
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
仅存于中非刚果民主共和国,是长颈鹿的近亲。

澳洲魔蜥
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
迷彩色,颈部有个肉瘤,低头时肉瘤抬起可以作为“假头”来迷惑捕食者。

高鼻羚羊
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
成名于它那大号的鼻子。

大西洋海神海蛞蝓
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

人齿鱼
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
又称帕库食人鱼,喜欢袭击男人的裆部。

棘角蝉
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]

熊猫蚂蚁
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
是黄蜂的一种,形似蚂蚁,其实是无翅的雌性黄蜂。发现于智利,其毒刺可杀死一头母牛。

欧氏尖吻鲛/哥布林鲨
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
栖息于深海,对人类无害。

红唇蝙蝠鱼
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
发现于加拉帕戈斯群岛,可在海底漫步。

伊氏真蚓
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
没有眼睛,身形巨大,形状像人体的一部分,所以又叫鸡鸡蛇。

Mayank Baliyan

水熊虫
Quora精选:有哪些罕见的动物? [多图]
缓步动物门,除了外形炫酷,还是出名的多重嗜极生物。嗜极生物就是可以在极端物理地理条件下生存的生物有机体。

[Skywalker via Quora]

29 Nov 10:25

Why the Japanese economy is slowing, and will continue to slow:

by ssumner

From Free Exchange:

Screen Shot 2014-11-27 at 8.29.47 PM

Check out the Japanese labor force “growth” rate in 2015. Soon we’ll be discussing the “trend rate of shrinkage” in various OECD countries.  We’ll need a whole new vocabulary.

PS.  I just saw that the unemployment rate in Japan fell again in October, to 3.5%. That’s the lowest rate in more than 16 years.  Gee, I wonder when their unemployment rate will start showing the effects of the “recession” that Japan fell into eight months ago.  Anyone want to offer a guess?

Meanwhile there is this tidbit:

The number of employed persons in October 2014 was 63.90 million, an increase of 240 thousand or 0.4% from the previous year.

Japan’s workforce is shrinking rapidly, and to make things worse they are in a “recession,” and yet by some wondrous and strange miracle their employment keeps rising!

Yup, that April sales tax increase sure was a disaster.  If they’d only listened to Paul Krugman the unemployment rate today would be  .  .  .  3.5%?

PPS.  And file this FT piece under, “why the media should never again discuss inflation”:

The sharp fall in oil prices provided an immediate and welcome fillip to Asian economies heavily dependent on energy imports, although the inflation-sapping effect was a mixed blessing for Japan and China.

.   .   .

For Japan, the world’s third-largest oil importer, lower input costs stand to help manufacturers and households, in turn lifting wages and the economy. But lower import bills also frustrate government efforts to lift the economy out of deflation through aggressive monetary easing.

Japanese core inflation last month fell to 0.9 per cent, a 13-month low. Economists say a further erosion in inflation from lower oil prices will raise expectations that the Bank of Japan will once again beef up its stimulus efforts.

That would lead to a steeper depreciation in the yen, which in turn could mitigate the positive impact of falling oil prices on the purchasing power of Japanese households.

Yes, and winning Megabucks would be a mixed blessing for me—I’d become ultra-rich, but it would frustrate my goal of minimizing my tax liability.

PPPS.  Neo-Fisherism is now almost indistinguishable from MM.

27 Nov 13:12

泰国研究生如何在美最高法院打败出版巨头

by WinterIsComing
Whig Zhou

好~

1978年以来,美国教科书的价格上涨了7倍。但教科书的定价在全世界并不统一,出版商采用所谓的“市场细分”策略按地区制定价格,比如一本在美国之外销售的教科书售价50美元,而在美国要100美元。到美国留学的泰国研究生Supap Kirtsaeng注意到了这一明显的价格差异,为了挣学费,他让家人在曼谷的书店购买《 Organic Chemistry》和《Fundamentals of Physics》等教科书寄到他在洛杉矶的公寓,然后摆到eBay上出售。在两年时间里,他进口了大约500本教科书,销售收入百万美元,盈利10万美元,支付了在学校的开支。他没想到自己的小作坊生意会被年收入逾10亿美元的学术出版巨头John Wiley & Sons注意到。Wiley提起了诉讼,指控他侵犯版权。如果出版商胜诉——出版商有权控制商品的转售,那么其影响无疑将是巨大的,因为这意味着其它公司也可以控制转售,二手生意将会彻底被扼杀。幸好,美国最高法院站在了Kirtsaeng一边。






24 Nov 17:34

哈萨克斯坦加速开放经济

Whig Zhou

傍美定律最新案例

杰克•法尔基阿拉木图报道

在前苏联最后的日子里,米哈伊尔•戈尔巴乔夫(Mikhail Gorbachev)的一位副手曾这样请求他:放弃苏联的计划经济,像中国那样推行市场改革。

现任哈萨克斯坦总统的努尔苏丹•纳扎尔巴耶夫(Nursultan Nazarbayev)在最近一次演讲中回忆道:“我当时说,‘如果您到最后还拿不出战略的话,就看看中国所做的吧’。”

戈尔巴乔夫拒绝了他的建议。25年后,...

23 Nov 15:47

射手网的替代

by WinterIsComing
最大的中文字幕共享网站射手网关闭了下载服务(但射手影音播放器的字幕下载功能仍然正常工作),同一天YYeTs人人影视也因为版权方面的原因关闭整顿(但只是对中国IP地址关闭),原因据称是没有引进的影视剧不允许翻译中文,一时间美剧日剧韩剧爱好者觉得天塌下来了。射手网在中文字幕方面确实是一家独大,但就像Google关闭Google Reader,有人也许会愿意填上它留下的空缺,当然网站需要建在中国之外。此外,如果你有足够大的硬盘空间,可以用P2P工具下载73GB的离线射手字幕包(未知真伪)作为临时替代。中文字幕之外的替代要丰富的多,比如电视剧电影动漫字幕站subtitlesbank、电视剧字幕站Telesubtitles,美剧字幕站addic7ed,以及opensubtitles(如果不想使用下载软件注意去掉默认的勾选项),subtitlecube(下载需要输入验证码),日剧字幕站d-addicts,动漫字幕站anisource等等,只要Google/Bing一下就能找到。






23 Nov 08:20

要在西藏定居需要先从西方进口大麦

by WinterIsComing
海拔超过三千米的西藏高原不是一块适宜定居的地方。人类在西藏短暂定居的时间可追溯到至少2万年前,但长期定居的历史只有大约5300年。为了了解人类何时和如何在西藏生活,研究人员收集了53个地点的动植物残余进行比较分析。研究结果发表在《科学》期刊上,他们发现人类是在大麦发明之后开始移民到西藏高原。来自西方的大麦耐寒,能生长在更高的海拔高度上。研究人员发现,最早定居在高原的人类主食为谷物,如小米和黍,而这些植物生长在海拔2500米之下,之后是随着时间的推移,大约在3600年前,定居者们的食物变成了大麦,才开始再次向上迁移,达到海拔4700米的高度。研究人员认为这些早期定居者可能是为了狩猎才来到青藏高原,但主食的变换,抗冻植物的出现帮助他们在此定居了下来。






22 Nov 19:31

射手网关闭

by WinterIsComing
射手网创始人沈晟宣布关闭有15年历史的字幕网站,给出的理由是“需要射手网的时代已经走开了”。射手网是字幕组最常用最流行的字幕共享网站,由于大量的境外影视剧没有合法进入中国,而境外影视剧又颇受欢迎,中国网民对字幕的需求推动了志愿性质的字幕组的出现。沈晟的声明没有详细谈论如何处理用户上传的字幕,难道是全部删除?中国字幕组可选择上传到境外的字幕网站如opensubtitles.org。






22 Nov 16:34

Human-dolphin fishing cooperatives

by Tyler Cowen

1. They have been reported to exist in Australia, India, Mauritania, Burma, and the Mediterranean, but the best known are in Brazil.

2. In parts of southern Brazil, human fisherman have been cooperating with dolphins for many generations (of each species).

3. If fishermen clap just the right way, dolphins will herd fish into the desired areas of fishermen, in muddy lagoon areas.

4. The dolphins perform a distinctive kind of dive to signal to the humans it is time to cast the net for the fish.

5. Only some individual dolphins are able (willing?) to do this well, perhaps the others belong to the forty-seven percent.

5b. The dolphins which cooperate with the fisherman are also more social, more socially connected, and more cooperative with other dolphins.

6. The Brazilian fishermen name the star cooperating dolphins after ex-presidents, soccer players, and Hollywood stars.

7. The names aside, it is not clear whether dolphins benefit from offering this assistance; some commentators suggest the dolphins end up with isolated or injured fish from these exercises.

Here is one blog post report on these practices.  Here is one piece of the original research.  I stumbled upon this while reading the new and excellent Hal Whitehead and Luke Rendell The Cultural Lives of Whales and Dolphins, a new book from University of Chicago Press.