Every hardware hacker has a start, and this one is mine. My girlfriend bought me a Raspberry Pi for my birthday, and so I became determined to build something with it for her birthday two months later.
As you can see above, I built a photo frame that has a few interesting parts. For one, the software which runs the photo frame, which I explore below, keeps the photos fresh from Instagram and Flickr. It then displays a random photo for a configurable six seconds. Secondly, there is a motion detector, built using a PIR sensor, which only turns the monitor on when somebody walks by.
This photo frame is easy to build, but it does take a bit of know-how. Mainly, you should feel comfortable soldering wires and mounting the screen and Raspberry Pi to a board or other object. The hard part for me was figuring out how to turn the monitor on and off through the command line.
Everything else is gravy, from configuring wifi and autoboot/auto-login on the device to attaching and setting up the motion detecting PIR sensor. You can also use the eLinux guide to Raspberry Pi and its handy RPi Hardware Basic Setup wiki.
Parts
Raspberry Pi
I chose to use a Raspberry Pi for its simple wifi integration so that photos could be automatically updated. I didn't want to have to load photos on to an SD card which could then be read by an Arduino.
Connecting the monitor was also trivial on a Raspberry Pi, where an Arduino, Maple, or Beagle Bone would require sourcing a connection between the monitor's composite input and an output from the device.
Make note of the fact that you actually don't see any of my connections on the top of the board (pictured below). In the below photo, where the Raspberry Pi is flipped vertically to show off the electrical connections, the monitor's composite cable and the motion detecting PIR sensor's red wires are soldered underneath.
This way the photo frame looks cleaner. If I had connected the monitor using the yellow composite cable, it would have to be with a male-to-male composite adapter, since both the Raspberry Pi and the monitor have a male RCA connection. This would jut out about 2 inches below the device, resulting in a messy look for the frame.
3.5" LCD Monitor
Note that if you do not plan to solder the composite cable's two wires, you will need the ugly male-to-male adapter, sold for $1.50 on Adafruit.
There are a number of different sized LCD monitors:
4GB SD Card with Raspbian (Raspberry Pi + Debian)
This tiny SD card comes pre-loaded with Raspbian. If you prefer to use your own SD card and want to bootload it, just follow eLinux's Easy SD Card Setup wiki.
Miniature Wifi on USB
Unless you're planning to use an ugly ethernet cable, this tiny wifi USB device works perfectly. It's easy to setup as well. I followed Adafruit's tutorial for setting up wifi on a Raspberry Pi.
Passive Infrared Motion Sensor
This is a simple and inexpensive component that is responsible for turning the monitor on and off. The accuracy is great, as it never misses a beat, yet I haven't found it to accidentally trigger in the night unless we walk by. It also has two adjustable dials on the back that allow you to control its sensitivity and delay before firing. Ladyada covers how it works.
Soldering Iron
In order to connect the PIR motion detector and the composite cables, without resorting to the ugly male-to-male adapter, you will need to use a soldering iron. I chose the Aoyue 937+ Digital Soldering Station. Works great and I'm quite happy with it. I should have bought more tips, though.
Frame
This is where you get creative. You effectively just need an enclosure, but I found that picture frames offer the greatest aesthetics-to-enclosure ratio. You just need something that can hold a Raspberry Pi and monitor taped to it. I used double-sided mounting tape as an adhesive, although the wires are being held up by the frame itself.
Software
Raspberry Pi setup
You'll want to make sure you're setup with the following:
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Auto-login, so your Raspberry Pi doesn't sit at a login prompt.
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Auto-wifi, so you can download images automatically whenever your Raspberry Pi is turned on.
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Disabled sleep, so your photo frame doesn't shut off when you don't want it to.
Downloading personal photos from Flickr
You'll need to register your Flickr API app, which is a quick process. That way you can get a Flickr API key that you can then use to walk the photos from your account. You will also need your Flickr user id.
There are two Python library dependencies for this code:
pip install flickrapi pip install requests
Once those are installed, save this script as download_flickr.py
#!/usr/bin/env python import flickrapi import requests FLICKR_KEY = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" USER_ID = "25704617@N04" def make_url(photo): # url_template = "http://farm{farm-id}.staticflickr.com/ # {server-id}/{id}_{secret}_[mstzb].jpg" photo['filename'] = "%(id)s_%(secret)s_z.jpg" % photo url = ("http://farm%(farm)s.staticflickr.com/%(server)s/%(filename)s" % photo) return url, photo['filename'] def main(): print " ---> Requesting photos..." flickr = flickrapi.FlickrAPI(FLICKR_KEY) photos = flickr.walk(user_id=USER_ID) for photo in photos: url, filename = make_url(photo.__dict__['attrib']) path = '/home/pi/photoframe/flickr/%s' % filename try: image_file = open(path) print " ---> Already have %s" % url except IOError: print " ---> Downloading %s" % url r = requests.get(url) image_file = open(path, 'w') image_file.write(r.content) image_file.close() if __name__ == '__main__': main()
Downloading extra photos from Flickr by tag name
Part of the fun of this photo frame is that not only do all of my photos get shown randomly, but I introduced a hodgepodge of random photos by downloading photos from a specific Flickr tag. In this case, I added koala photos, which makes for a pleasant randomness.
Save the following command as download_koalas.sh or whatever you like as a tag.
FLICKR_TAG=koala && \ wget 'http://api.flickr.com/services/feeds/photos_public.gne?tags=$FLICKR_TAG' -O- \ | grep -Po 'http://[^.]+\.staticflickr[^"]+(_b.jpg|_z.jpg)' \ | wget -P /home/pi/photoframe/$FLICKR_TAG -nc -i-
Automatic downloading of new photos
In order to have the photos refreshed, you'll need to have them download in the background. Add these two lines to your crontab with crontab -e if you're using both the Flickr photo downloader and the Flickr tag downloader.
0 * * * * python /home/pi/photoframe/download_flickr.py 30 * * * * /home/pi/photoframe/download_koalas.sh
Slideshow
Now that we have the photos downloaded and refreshed at a regular interval, we need to get the slideshow running. We'll use a simple app called the Linux framebuffer imageviewer. Stick this command into a slideshow.sh.
fbi -noverbose -m 640x480 -a -u -t 6 /home/pi/art/**/*
The option for time is set to 6 seconds, and it uses autozoom to automagically pick a reasonable zoom factor when loading images. The -u option randomizes the order.
Detecting movement
The slideshow is now running at fullscreen with a randomized assortment of Flickr photos, both your own and from favorite tags. But it's running even when you're not there! let's use the PIR (motion) sensor to turn off the monitor after no movement has been detected for 60 seconds.
Save this file as pir.py.
#!/usr/bin/env python import sys import time import RPi.GPIO as io import subprocess io.setmode(io.BCM) SHUTOFF_DELAY = 60 # seconds PIR_PIN = 25 # 22 on the board LED_PIN = 16 def main(): io.setup(PIR_PIN, io.IN) io.setup(LED_PIN, io.OUT) turned_off = False last_motion_time = time.time() while True: if io.input(PIR_PIN): last_motion_time = time.time() io.output(LED_PIN, io.LOW) print ".", sys.stdout.flush() if turned_off: turned_off = False turn_on() else: if not turned_off and time.time() > (last_motion_time + SHUTOFF_DELAY): turned_off = True turn_off() if not turned_off and time.time() > (last_motion_time + 1): io.output(LED_PIN, io.HIGH) time.sleep(.1) def turn_on(): subprocess.call("sh /home/pi/photoframe/monitor_on.sh", shell=True) def turn_off(): subprocess.call("sh /home/pi/photoframe/monitor_off.sh", shell=True) if __name__ == '__main__': try: main() except KeyboardInterrupt: io.cleanup()
Turning the monitor on and off
There are two ways to turn the monitor on and off. Use the tvservice command to turn off the monitor port.
pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ chmod 0744 monitor_off.sh pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ cat monitor_off.sh tvservice -o pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ chmod 0744 monitor_on.sh pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ cat monitor_on.sh tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" && fbset -depth 8 && fbset -depth 16
This method actually turns off the port, which works great except when you're connected to an HDMI monitor and it shuts off when the port is turned off. When you walk into the room, the port is turned back on but the monitor is off, so it doesn't come right back up. In this case, simply switch virtual terminals to blank out the screen using the chvt command.
pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ chmod 0744 monitor_off.sh pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ cat monitor_off.sh chvt 2 pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ chmod 0744 monitor_on.sh pi@raspberrypi ~/photoframe $ cat monitor_on.sh chvt 7
Fixing the monitor edges
By default, the image won't stretch to the edges of your monitor without cajoling.
Here's the before photo:
And here's with margin correction on the monitor:
To fix this, take a look at using RPiconfig. All you need to do is edit /boot/config.txt directly on the Raspberry Pi. The values you need to set are:
overscan_left=-6 # number of pixels to skip on left overscan_right=-6 # number of pixels to skip on right overscan_top=24 # number of pixels to skip on top overscan_bottom=24 # number of pixels to skip on bottom
These are my values, but every monitor is different. In order to figure out the values, I would set the values using a binary search (set high then low then halfway between the two and repeat with the new halfway point being the high/low on the correct side), and then rebooting. Eventually I found optimal values.
Note that the values will be different from the boot screen to the photo viewer. Obviously, I optimized for the photo viewer, but that means the top and bottom of the boot screen is cut off. Not much better you can expect from a tiny $50 LCD monitor.
Also, if you need to rotate or flip the display, it's easy.
display_rotate=0 Normal display_rotate=1 90 degrees display_rotate=2 180 degrees display_rotate=3 270 degrees display_rotate=0x10000 horizontal flip display_rotate=0x20000 vertical flip
Automatic start of the photo frame software
You'll want the software to start automatically on boot, so create a new init.d file at /etc/init.d/flickrd, and add the motion sensor and slideshow scripts to that new file:
sudo python /home/pi/photoframe/pir.py /home/pi/photoframe/slideshow.sh
Then set the permissions with:
sudo chmod 755 /etc/init.d/flickrd
and finally register the script to be run at startup:
sudo update-rc.d flickrd defaults
Don't forget to run the pir.py script as root, since you'll need permissions to turn the monitor on and off.
Troubleshooting
Everything above should leave you with a photo slideshow that automatically updates your photos, displays them zoomed in and fullscreen in random order, shutting off the monitor when nobody is around.
If you used the code above with no issues, congratulations! You're in a minority that can work with hardware and get everything right on the first try. For everybody else, we have to troubleshoot. Here are the issues that I ran into.
Test your LED
Just getting the Raspberry Pi to respond to my commands was tricky enough, so I wrote this basic program to just blink the onboard LED. This is the Hello, World of the Raspberry Pi.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time LED_PIN = 18 def blink(pin): GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.HIGH) print " ---> On" time.sleep(.5) GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.LOW) print " ---> Off" time.sleep(.5) return # to use Raspberry Pi board pin numbers GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) # set up GPIO output channel GPIO.setup(LED_PIN, GPIO.OUT) for _ in range(0,3): blink(LED_PIN) GPIO.cleanup()
SSH'ing into your Raspberry Pi
You shouldn't have to rely on an external keyboard and a tiny screen to debug your Raspberry Pi. I suggest using Pi Finder to locate the IP address, if it's on your local network.
You can also use arp -a to find it.
Getting additional help
Turn to Stack Exchange's new Raspberry Pi section. It's still in beta as of early 2014, but there's a whole lot of great questions.
Samuel Clay's OfBrooklyn.com.
Michael Bromwich, the external compliance monitor assigned to Apple as a result of its e-book antitrust case, has filed papers in a U.S. District Court accusing the company of being uncooperative and obstructive in his investigation, reports 
The ToastThe Toast:
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