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16 Oct 22:09

Dr. Atomic

by Edwin van Lacum

Kernbom VS in 1961 bijna ontploft” kopte de NOS onlangs. Het bijbehorende bericht verhaalde hoe in de jaren zestig een bommenwerper per ongeluk een waterstofbom dropte boven North-Carolina. De bom bevatte vier veiligheidsmechanismen die ervoor moesten zorgen dat hij in dit soort gevallen niet zou ontploffen. Maar eentje daarvan deed het; de andere drie waren defect. De bom is dankzij dat ene functionerende veiligheidsmechanisme niet afgegaan, maar het was, zoals ze aan de andere kant van de Atlantische Oceaan zeggen, a close call. A very close call. 

Dit incident en vele andere bijna-ongelukken worden uit de doeken gedaan in het boek Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety van Eric Schlosser. Schlosser, die in zijn boek het nog steeds aanwezige gevaar van kernwapens onder de aandacht wil brengen, beschrijft eveneens hoe in 1983 een vals alarm bij de Sovjets bijna een nucleaire oorlog heeft veroorzaakt. Het satelliet-systeem van de Sovjets – bedoeld om een raketaanval van de Amerikanen in een zo vroeg mogelijk stadium waar te nemen – werkte niet goed en gaf daardoor ten onrechte aan dat er vijf kernraketten richting de Sovjet-Unie vlogen. Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov, een luitenant-kolonel van de luchtverdediging, vermoedde dat er sprake was van een storing en besloot daarom om zijn superieuren niet meteen in te lichten. Hij wilde eerst bevestiging van de grondradar voordat hij alarm zou slaan. Na een paar zenuwslopende minuten bleek dat Petrov inderdaad gelijk had: de grondradar gaf aan dat het Sovjet-luchtruim alles behalve Amerikaanse kernraketten bevatte. (Het detectie-systeem van de Amerikanen was evenmin perfect; ook bij hen is er in de jaren tachtig een aantal keer een vals alarm afgegaan.)

Wat zou er gebeurd zijn als Petrov niet gewacht had? Zouden de Sovjets dan besloten hebben om een grootschalige vergeldingsaanval te lanceren? Het is niet ondenkbaar. Ik vind het een fascinerende wat-als-gebeurtenis, vooral omdat ik opgegroeid ben in de jaren tachtig. In tegenstelling tot de jaren zeventig (de jaren van detente, waarbij de koude oorlog op een relatief laag pitje stond), was er in de jaren tachtig door de slechte relatie tussen Amerika en de Sovjet-Unie een serieuze dreiging van een kernoorlog. (Deze dreiging leidde o.a. in tot de productie van Threads. Deze film uit 1984 is de meest naargeestige film die ik ooit heb gezien. Threads laat zien wat er zou kunnen gebeuren met de industriestad Sheffield – op zich al een heel deprimerend onderwerp – als er een kernoorlog uitbreekt.) Het is in retrospectief een verontrustende gedachte dat tijdens mijn jeugd er een enorm nucleair zwaard van Damocles boven mijn hoofd hing. Als het allemaal net even iets anders had gelopen, had ik als kind niet met Lego gespeeld, maar met radioactief gruis. En in plaats van waterpokken had ik geleden aan stralingsziekte – tenminste, als ik tegen die tijd niet was opgegeten door een hongerige buurtgenoot.

Enfin, ik moet hier ook aan denken omdat ik laatst Ray Monks prachtige biografie over J. Robert Oppenheimer heb gelezen: Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. Oppenheimer wordt beschouwd als de geestelijk vader van de atoombom (een wat merkwaardige uitdrukking: kun je namelijk ook een niet-geestelijke vader zijn van een uitvinding?)

Oppenheimer werd in 1904 geboren in New York. In materieel opzicht ontbrak het hem aan niets gedurende de eerste jaren van zijn leven – zijn vader was een welgestelde ondernemer van Joodse komaf – maar door zijn beschermde opvoeding was hij een ietwat eenzaam kind. Op zijn achttiende ging hij chemie studeren aan de universiteit van Harvard. Daarna vertrok hij naar Europa – indertijd het wetenschappelijke centrum van de wereld – om in Cambridge natuurkundig onderzoek te doen.

Oppenheimer komt in Monks biografie naar voren als een melancholieke en intens onzekere man. Eigenschappen die tijdens zijn verblijf in Cambridge – waar hij weinig tot stand wist te brengen – omsloegen naar een soort van psychose. Tijdens deze episode heeft hij o.a. geprobeerd zijn begeleider te vergiftigen (wat niet gelukt is trouwens). Een korte vakantie en het lezen van Proust leidden, naar eigen zeggen, uiteindelijk tot zijn herstel. Monk suggereert dat hij tijdens deze vakantie ontdekte dat de afschuw die hij voor zichzelf voelde, niet per se betekende dat anderen die afschuw ook deelden. Zoals hij zelf later in zijn leven zei:

It turned out to be impossible (…) for me to live with anybody else, without understanding that what I saw was only one part of the truth (…) and in an attempt to break out and be a reasonable man, I had to realize that my own worries about what I did were valid and were important, but that they were not the whole story, that there must be a complementary way of looking at them, because other people did not see them as I did. And I needed what they saw, needed them. 

Oppenheimer ging vervolgens naar Göttingen om onderzoek te doen onder Max Born. Daar had hij meer succes dan in Cambridge. Samen met Born ontwikkelde hij de Born–Oppenheimerbenadering (nee, vraag me niet om deze uit te leggen). In Göttingen ontpopte Oppenheimer zich als een ambitieuze, pedante en zelfverzekerde wetenschapper. Hij was zo zelfverzekerd dat de eminente Born “een beetje bang” werd voor de jonge Oppenheimer. (Een zelfverzekerdheid – door sommigen geïnterpreteerd als arrogantie – waarmee hij wellicht zijn onzekerheid wilde compenseren.)

Eind jaren twintig keerde hij terug naar Amerika, waar hij als professor werd aangesteld bij de universiteit van Berkeley. Op dat moment vonden bijna alle opwindende ontdekkingen in de theoretische natuurkunde in Europa plaats, en Oppenheimer wilde Berkeley gebruiken als een broedplaats voor Amerikaans talent. Dat lukte wonderwel: Oppenheimer en zijn studenten – die hem liefkozend “Oppie” noemden – deden in de jaren dertig een aantal briljante ontdekkingen. Zo voorspelde hij in 1939 het bestaan van zwarte gaten in een artikel dat hij samen schreef met Hartland Snyder.

Het was briljant werk, maar niet geniaal. Tenminste, als we geniaal definiëren als Nobelprijs-winnend – een eer die Oppenheimer nooit ten deel gevallen is. Volgens Monk was hij daarvoor teveel een generalist. Hij was geïnteresseerd in allerlei uiteenlopende onderwerpen op het gebied van de astrofysica, kwantummechanica en kwantumelektrodynamica, maar beet zich nooit echt ergens voor lange tijd in vast. Daarnaast hield hij zich ook bezig met talen (Oppenheimer was een polyglot die onder andere Sanskriet en Nederlands kon lezen; die laatste taal heeft hij opgepikt toen hij een paar maanden in Utrecht en Leiden verbleef), kunst en poëzie. Niet al zijn collega’s waren daar van gecharmeerd. Zoals de natuurkundige Paul Dirac ooit tegen hem zei:

I don’t see how you can work on physics and write poetry at the same time. In science, you want to say something nobody knew before, in words everyone can understand. In poetry, you are bound to say something that everybody knows already in words that nobody can understand.

In 1942 nam hij de wetenschappelijke leiding op zich van het Manhattan-project, de codenaam voor Amerika’s poging om een atoombom te ontwikkeling. Het was een gigantische onderneming; een tour-de-force waar zo’n 130.000 mensen bij betrokken waren. Een belangrijk deel van het werk vond plaats in een onderzoekscomplex dat speciaal voor het Manhattan-project uit de grond was gestampt bij het afgelegen dorpje Los Alamos in New Mexico. Los Alamos was de plek waar een indrukwekkende verzameling wetenschappers (Oppenheimer zelf, Edward Teller, Hans Bethe, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman en vele anderen) de eerste atoombommen ontwierpen en bouwden.

Oppenheimer was een charismatische en inspirerende leider. Dankzij zijn generalistische natuur kon hij meepraten en -denken over alle verschillende aspecten van de bom. Hij wist daardoor bijna moeiteloos het overzicht te bewaren en verloor zich niet in details. De inzet van Oppenheimer en zijn team zorgde ervoor dat er in amper drie jaar tijd twee verschillende atoombommen gebouwd konden worden: eentje met uranium (de Thin Man) en eentje met plutonium (de Fat Man). Bij de uraniumbom werden twee stukken uranium bij elkaar gebracht. Zo ontstond er een kritische massa: de hoeveelheid radioactief materiaal die nodig is om een kettingreactie tot stand te brengen. De wetenschappers waren er zo van overtuigd dat deze bom zou werken, dat hij nooit getest is (bovendien hadden ze niet genoeg uranium om een tweede bom te maken).

De plutoniumbom had een ander ontwerp. In deze bom ontstaat er een kritische massa door via een implosie de dichtheid van het plutonium te verhogen. Het relatief complexe ontwerp maakte een test noodzakelijk. Op 16 juli 1945 werd daarom een prototype – bijgenaamd de “gadget” – tot ontploffing gebracht in New Mexico. Deze zogenaamde Trinity-test liet voor de keer de verschrikkelijke kracht van een atoomwapen zien. Naderhand vertelde Oppenheimer dat hij tijdens de test aan het volgende vers uit de Bhagavad Gītā moest denken: “Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.” (Oppenheimers vrije vertaling van dit vers wordt nog vaak geciteerd. De trailer voor de 2014-versie van Godzilla – een monster dat ontstaan is door kernproeven – bevat bijvoorbeeld een geluidsfragment van Oppenheimer waarin hij deze anekdote vertelt.)

Kort daarna werd de Thin Man op Hiroshima geworpen (op 6 augustus) en de Fat Man op Nagasaki (op 9 augustus). Het aantal slachtoffers was enorm: dankzij de bommen overleden naar schatting 150.000 tot 250.000 mensen. De nachtmerrie-achtige destructie werd in 1946 treffend beschreven door de Amerikaanse journalist John Hersey:

When [Wilhelm Kleinsorge, een Duitse priester] had penetrated the bushes, he saw there were about twenty men, and they were all in exactly the same nightmarish state: their faces were wholly burned, their eyesockets were hollow, the fluid from their melted eyes had run down their cheeks. (They must have had their faces upturned when the bomb went off; perhaps they were anti-aircraft personnel.) Their mouths were mere swollen, pus-covered wounds, which they could not bear to stretch enough to admit the spout of the teapot. 

Oppenheimer heeft nooit spijt gehad van zijn werk in Los Alamos. Dankzij de bom kon immers de oorlog met Japan tot een snel einde gebracht worden zonder het vergieten van nog meer Amerikaans bloed. Zoals Oppenheimer later schreef:

I was asked (…) whether now, knowing the results, I would again do what I did during the war: participate in a responsible way in the making of atomic weapons. To this I answered yes. When a voice in the audience angrily asked “Even after Hiroshima?” I repeated my yes.

De vernietiging van Hiroshima en Nagasaki was echter ook geen reden tot vreugde. Monk beschrijft bijvoorbeeld hoe Oppenheimer aan President Truman vertelde dat hij bloed aan zijn handen had. Truman, die als president de beslissing heeft moeten nemen om de atoombommen tegen Japan te gebruiken, vond Oppenheimer een “cry-baby scientist“. “I told him,” zo zei Truman later, “the blood was on my hands—to let me worry about that.”

Na de oorlog werd Oppenheimer adviseur van de United States Atomic Energy Commission, een organisatie die de ontwikkeling van kernwapens en -energie moest reguleren. Oppenheimer stelde voor het atoomonderzoek onder toezicht te stellen van een internationale organisatie die de ontwikkeling van nog meer kernwapens moest voorkomen. Later zou Oppenheimer zich ook verzetten tegen de ontwikkeling van de waterstofbom. Deze bom – een wapen dat nog veel krachtiger is dat de atoombommen die op Hiroshima en Nagasaki geworpen zijn – was het geesteskind van Edward Teller, een wetenschapper die geloofde dat een bom niet destructief genoeg kan zijn (zijn collega Isidor Rabi zei daarom over hem: “He is a danger to all that is important. I do really feel it would have been a better world without Teller.”) De waterstofbom is zo allesvernietigend, dat ze eigenlijk alleen maar gebruikt kan worden om steden in puin te leggen (een militair doel zoals een legerbasis kan immers ook onschadelijk gemaakt worden met een “gewone” atoombom – daar heb je niet per se een waterstofbom voor nodig).

De koude oorlog en de angst voor het communisme zorgen ervoor dat er weinig terecht kwam van deze idealistische plannen. Amerika wilde zijn atoomgeheimen niet onder toezicht stellen van een internationale organisatie. De Sovjet-Unie vond dat wel best en ontwikkelde ondertussen haar eigen atoombom (een relatief makkelijk karweitje, dankzij het spionagewerk van Klaus Fuchs). Amerika was bovendien doodsbang dat de Sovjet-Unie als eerste een waterstofbom zouden bouwen en zette daardoor alles op alles om de Sovjets daarin voor te zijn. Samengevat: De haviken wonnen het van de duiven en de wapenwedloop was een feit.

Oppenheimers weinig succesvolle pogingen om het Amerikaanse atoombeleid te beïnvloeden, liepen ten einde in 1953. In dat jaar werd tijdens een hoorzitting – geïnstigeerd door de pro-nucleaire haviken – zijn veiligheidsmachting ingetrokken. Tijdens de hoorzitting werd door zijn tegenstanders naar voren gebracht dat Oppenheimer in de jaren dertig communistische sympathieën had (waar), lid was van de Communistische Partij (iets wat nooit iemand heeft kunnen bewijzen), en dat het zeer verdacht was dat Oppenheimer tegen de waterstofbom was. Bovendien werd Oppenheimer nagedragen dat hij in een ver verleden gelogen had over een – mislukte – poging van de Communistische Partij om hem te rekruteren als informant. Het was een beschamend tafereel: Oppenheimer, de man die Amerika de atoombom bezorgd had, werd op een uiterst suggestieve manier afgeschilderd als een onbetrouwbaar sujet. De beschuldigingen waren voor Oppenheimer extra pijnlijk omdat hij, zoals Monk meerdere keren benadrukt in zijn boek, een bijzonder patriottistische man was. Albert Einstein vatte later de hoorzitting als volgt samen: “The trouble with Oppenheimer is that he loves a woman who doesn’t love him: the U.S. government.

Na de hoorzitting richtte Oppenheimer, die inmiddels directeur was geworden van het Institute for Advance Studies in Princeton, zich op onderzoek, onderwijs en het geven van openbare lezingen. Later, toen de paranoia rond het Sovjet-gevaar wat afgenomen was, volgde ook een soort van eerherstel. Hij werd bijvoorbeeld in 1962 door President Kennedy uitgenodigd om in het Witte Huis een diner bij te wonen voor prominente Amerikaanse wetenschappers. (JFK grapte op die avond: “I think that this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.”) In 1967 overleed Oppenheimer aan de gevolgen van keelkanker.

Oppenheimers levensverhaal laat zien dat het vergaren en toepassen van kennis enorme verantwoordelijkheden met zich mee kan brengen. In de negentiende eeuw werd wetenschap gezien als een middel om de wereld te verbeteren of – in het ergste geval – een onschuldige hobby. In de twintigste eeuw kwam langzaam het besef dat wetenschap ons niet automatisch naar Utopia leidt. Dankzij de wetenschap leven we langer dan ooit, maar tegelijkertijd heeft ze krachten losgemaakt die moeilijk beheersbaar zijn – kernwapens, chemische wapens, klimaatverandering, vervuiling, etcetera. Kennis is prachtig, maar dwingt ons – wetenschappers én niet-wetenschappers – ook om na te denken over complexe morele dilemma’s. Zoals Oppenheimer ooit in een lezing zei:

Long ago I said once that (…) the physicist had known sin, and I didn’t mean by that the deaths that were caused as a result of our work. I meant that we had known the sin of pride. We had turned to affect, in what proved to be a major way, the course of man’s history. We had the pride of thinking we knew what was good for man, and I do think it had left a mark on many of those who were responsibly engaged. 

 

16 Apr 08:35

Storms and Teacups

If you've been paying attention, you'll have seen a lot more discussions about gender, feminism and harrassment lately. The conversation mostly revolves around the latest incident of the day. I'd like to reflect on the bigger picture instead, and talk about some uncomfortable truths.

This is about how we act, online and offline, and why we do it.
Please read it top to bottom, or not at all.

Special thanks go to the folks who took time to provide feedback on drafts.

The examples used in this article, whether positive or negative, are chosen for their representative nature. They are not unique exceptions that deserve special sympathy, scrutiny or scorn.

Storm in a Teacup

Table of Contents

  1. The Shametweet
  2. Objectification
  3. The Social Justice Warriors
  4. Women in Open Source
  5. The Anti-Harassment Policy
  6. Beating Which Odds?
  7. Breaking Out of The Filter Bubble

The Shametweet

Atlassian, provider of software development infrastructure, sends out a tweet to advertise one of their services:

If you're ready for a build server so pretty you could take it to the prom, you're ready for @Atlassian Bamboo.

The response is immediate and harsh:

Sexist ads won't win you fans!
Grow up and don't use gendered terms to promote your tech products

A reply is made:

Sorry you don't like the wording!
We weren't being gender specific though. Men are pretty too!

Finally, cue the condescending follow ups:

For fuck's sake, way to exhibit absolutely no understanding whatsoever of the subtleties of patriarchy. Get educated.

Look closely and you'll see this pattern pop up more and more, in various forms. The key word is always educate, or more accurately, re-educate. The tone varies from feigned concern to outright hostility. If only you weren't so ignorant, you wouldn't have made such horribly offensive statements. Apologies are dismissed as insincere, a refusal to admit one's true sins.

But let's step back for a bit and look at what was said. First, Atlassian's reply is right, they weren't being gender specific, they merely compare a piece of software to prom. That's not what the indignant reader saw. They read between the lines, and substitute it with something like this:

  • Women are expected by society to always be pretty. We think this is great.
  • Prom is a celebration of this institutional sexism. Let's trivialize it by comparing it to server technology.
  • We think you'll enjoy our use of sexism and buy our products.

For sure, everyone has their own interpretation and (I hope) I'm exaggerating. But the tweet's supposed sexism is not actually there. The speaker's intent is completely ignored, the hurt feelings of the offended take priority. The reinterpretation itself is sexist: only women can be pretty.

Shametweet

The worst form of this behavior is what I call the Shametweet. This is when someone retweets a statement—usually a perceived insult directed at themselves—without any further comment. The tweeter seemingly considers it beneath themselves to address the insolence directly. Instead, they choose to demonstrate their superior sensibilities to their followers. Those will then jump to his or her's defense, making the problem go away with a single click of a button, while they maintain an aura of innocent plausible deniability.

To my lack of surprise, it's mostly women who I see doing this, voluntarily turning themselves into objects, letting others claim their agency, and usually men who are all too eager to jump to the rescue, even when it's not requested. Some celebrities do it too, sicking a million followers on a target who failed to stroke their ego that morning. More than a few of these fragile celebs are men.

Objectification

Anita Sarkeesian dislikes sexist tropes and objectification of women in video games and wants to bring this problem to light. As one might expect with anyone who does anything on the internet, trolls show up, and insults and accusations of sexism start flying around. Things get ugly, and valid criticism is lost in a sea of crud. Anita cleverly uses the Streisand effect to her advantage, gets publicity in both feminist and general media, ending in a successful $158K Kickstarter campaign to produce a web video series.

Jezebel, billing itself as "Celebrity, Sex, Fashion for Women", is one of the sites eagerly siding with Anita. It appeals to their readership: a young audience of mostly women who enjoy seeing another woman doing her own thing, more so when it irritates men and advances the status of the sisterhood—if the comments are anything to go by.

Why is Michelle Williams in Redface?

Fast forward. Jezebel asks "Why Is Michelle Williams in Redface?", "You should know better".

Her transgression was to appear on a fashion magazine cover "dressed in a braided wig, dull beads, and turkey feathers [...] in a flannel shirt, jeans, and [...] some sort of academic or legal robe. [...] An attempt to portray reservation nobility [...] like she's the member of another race."

But they don't stop there. This tasteless display is in fact "akin to putting a picture of a Gentile in a stereotypical Jewish getup on the cover of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf". Godwin triumphs once again.

The writer may indeed have a point in there somewhere, that is, about stereotypes of First Nations cultures. But the irony is so thick you can spread it like Nutella.

Jezebel eagerly celebrates the advances of women over male-dominated society at every turn, decries Patriarchy and rings the alarm bell whenever supposed standards of equality and self-determination are violated. Now they complain that an industry they focus on, which treats people like objects to be dressed and painted, didn't objectify a woman in a tasteful enough fashion.

They should do an exposé on the Emperor's wardrobe next.

Who is it really, that is pressuring women to be passive, immaculate and above all, politically correct dolls? Is it really all men's fault? Or is it fueled by media and advertising that bills itself "For Women" in giant pink letters, but really seems to be just about "Judging Women" instead, telling them they need to look better, be likeable supermoms as well as executives, but deserve to have it all, honest?

On the other side, gaming sister-site Kotaku asks "She's Sexy. Now kill her?", questioning the "humiliation of sexualized females" in God of War: Ascension. In this game's bloody quest of revenge, after a couple hours of brutally murdering several armies of mythological creatures one by one, you stab the Medusa-like Gorgon in the chest. On top of its giant snake body, right where its breasts are. Gasp.

This scene summarizes "all [the] issues with violence against sexualized female characters in one nutshell." But after describing it in the context of the game, only one real objection remains: "Breasts code some enemies as female, [...] violence against [these] body parts is disturbing," and is not the usual "norm in games".

The game is presenting "a form of feminine beauty that associates exposed, large breasts as beautiful." The author seems to be confusing "sexualized" and "sexy", as if sexualization is only what turns him on—I think it's breasts—and something must be sexualized before it can be arousing. Apparently if the Gorgon had been obese and flat-chested, there'd be no issue in putting it down. Which is exactly what Euryale looked like, the repulsive Gorgon the author must've killed in the previous game.

This attempted pro-woman analysis of sexualized portrayal seems to suggest that a feminized body is automatically sexual, but only if she's hot enough, like say, the "final, sexy boss."

The Social Justice Warriors

Skeptic blogger and retired medical doctor Harriet Hall writes a post, titled I Am Not Your Enemy: An Open Letter to My Feminist Critics. She clarifies exactly what she said and meant on a previous occasion. The comments then continue to argue back and forth about what it all means.

It goes back to a t-shirt she wore at a conference, stating she "felt safe and welcome" and was "just a skeptic, not a 'skepchick', not a 'woman skeptic', just a skeptic". This shirt was apparently so offensive and dehumanizing it reduced one of its victims to tears.

Harriet Hall's controversial tshirt

All of this is fallout from the scandal known as ElevatorGate. A man at a conference asked Rebecca Watson up for coffee in an elevator, after a late night in the hotel bar, and accepted no for an answer. Cue the public shaming based on her one-sided account, using her position as a conference speaker, and the inevitable backlash. The man himself however has wisely chosen to stay out of it and remains unidentified. It prompted Richard Dawkins to point to more serious women's issues to possibly worry about, who was then chastized for speaking from white male privilege. This scandal, entirely based on hearsay, is still going on a year later.

In fact, Harriet's thread features an appearance from Rebecca herself. She takes "ten precious minutes" out of her busy schedule to explain she "doesn't really think of [her] at all", after clarifying why she feels the post talks about her directly. Despite admitting to writing and deleting both a blog post and a private email on the subject, Rebecca says Harriet "doesn’t actually deserve an explanation, [or] real estate in my head" which is why she "let others argue over it". Which she says right after arguing over it.

Does this sound at all familiar? She includes that she would be "concerned for [her] personal hygiene" for wearing one shirt several days in a row. I'm not making this up.

Like Dawkins, I wonder: Don't these people have more important things to get angry at? Are they just self-absorbed, seeking publicity through controversy? Some undoubtedly are, but for the majority I think it's far more simple.

It's fair to ask: why are they so bothered and offended, spending their free leisure time organizing miniature online protests, thread after thread? Was the t-shirt (or the tweet) a direct, personal insult? Did it insult a class of people they belong to? Is it specific enough that someone could reasonably argue it applies to them, but not the next person? No.

So why take it personally? It's because it reminds us of an uncomfortable truth about ourselves or the world. In Atlassian's case, it's that beauty has a dark side, and it gives some people an unfair advantage or disadvantage. Did I get this job because of my talents or my looks? Do I present myself badly? Do people judge me by things beyond my control? Do I have a weird face? It reminds us of all the times we've experienced this ourselves, and if you have children, of all the times they will too. The internet becomes a mirror for our own insecurities, and we read our worries into everything.

In Harriet Hall's case, it's the acknowledgement that life is what we make of it, that people disagree with us more than we like to admit, and that often the best thing to do is shrug and not let it bother you, and focus on results rather than labels. Though again, everyone's interpretation is different.

But we don't want to admit that, our pride does not allow it. We'd much rather explain our unease by assuming it was inflicted deliberately, and we make up convenient reasons why that is so, why we were targeted. See, Atlassian is just another sexist tech company, they can't even tweet without insulting every woman on the planet! Harriet Hall, born in 1945, the second ever female intern in the US Air Force, must be an ignorant ditz when it comes to matters of feminism, because of one smelly t-shirt. If you don't see it the same way, well, you're just not educated enough to read between the lines.

It's both men and women who do it. We can argue who is more at fault until the cows come home, but when it comes to sexism it's fair to say men take the brunt of the blame, and are the ones expected to make amends. It's completely one sided, and it's another one of those convenient excuses that we substitute for the real thing. We don't want to talk about the full complexity at play here. Indeed, the closest feminism gets to acknowledging this is, Patriarchy hurts men too! So it's not my fault, just the result of every single choice I've ever made?

When someone points out that viewing everything through a uniquely feminist and female-oriented lens gives a skewed perspective, a rapid fire meme is returned: "But what about the mennzzz?" Attempting to show that inequality applies to both genders, quite often in women's favor, is considered derailing. Showing that the feminist interpretation of history as unbridled Patriarchy is unrealistic, and that feminism has long ago developed its own oppressive and hateful character, is dismissed as misogyny, even when it's women saying it.

There's more handy tropes to end attempts at nuance and shut down discussion: Check Your Privilege, Stop JAQing off (Just Asking Questions), Mansplaining, Victim Blaming, Nice Guy, Schrödinger's Rapist. The list goes on, and all of a sudden, concerns about gendered slurs no longer apply.

The so-called "safe space" that these online social justice groups claim to seek, is just another word for a censored space, and a hypocritical one at that. It's one where certain ideas and thoughts are not to be uttered, and must be replaced by less realistic and less worrisome ones. But no true safe space exists, as offense is always in the eye of the beholder.

Listening involves an interpretation of what people thought it meant they heard.

Women in Open Source

Statistics show that women observe sexism online to a higher degree than men, particularly in tech and open source. Recommendations are made on how to make the community more friendly to women, and most suggestions involve re-educating men to reduce their blindness. More so, it's implied that once the atmosphere is respectful enough, women will join and equality will be achieved.

Gender in open source (2006)

Sorry, but I don't buy it, because as late as 2006, 28% of participants in proprietary software were women, but only 1.5% in open source. Most open source projects start out as hobbies, created by one person in their spare time. If the community was such a sexist hell for women, wouldn't you expect the web to be littered with the abandoned works of that 1/4th of professionals who are women, who were turned off by how it was received once published? Instead, I find that female-founded projects are far and few, and calls for women to participate consist mainly of inviting them into existing projects, and speaking at established conferences about existing technologies.

Is the increasing role of women in open source a consequence of empowerment and self-direction? Or does it stem from the fact that open source is becoming more important in commercial use, and now more women are tagging along? It's both, naturally, but the huge gap between the two gender ratios can't be reduced to abuse and sexism. For a multitude of reasons, women simply aren't as interested as a group.

A big part of the problem is confidence, and starts much earlier: you must be this smart to be in open source, or so people think. Angela Byron, winner of the 2008 Google-O'Reilly Best Contributor award, called to "Fight the Einstein Perception" in Women in Open Source. It took Google's Summer of Code to convince her to take the plunge and make the career change. Programs like that are great to bring fresh talent into a community, but they won't cause the seismic shift in gender balance that feminism requires. If we want more women in open source, shouldn't we encourage them to just do their own thing, as those 98.5% of contributors who were male seemed to be doing?

Open source is claimed to be a meritocracy, but it really isn't. Once two people start modifying the same code, politics get involved, and I can certainly speak from experience that decisions at the top of an open source project are more about people and their interests than code. It isn't enough to create a good solution, it must be advocated and accepted, and apply to a wide variety of existing scenarios. If the work isn't good enough and fails, reputations take a hit. Like this:

Linus Torvalds

Linus Torvalds can act like a complete asshole, self-admittedly so, chew out his (male) contributors, and nobody in particular seems to mind. Linux is successful either despite or because of it.

Linus builds and directs software millions rely on. His abrasive tone reflects the importance of the issues he deals with on a daily basis. So far, his peers have deemed it socially acceptable. You may hate this, but you can't ignore it.

Can we really say with a straight face that he could talk the exact same way to a female contributor, and nothing would be different? In a culture where "never hit a woman" is considered a valid rule by many, men are the default assumed aggressor in domestic violence, and expected to chase the burglar—another man no doubt—out of the house to protect their wife and children? Or would it spawn thread after thread of discussions of just how bad the transgression was, and how to make sure it never happens again?

Open source culture is quite competitive, but the biggest problem an open source contributor has isn't criticism, it's getting people to pay attention in the first place. Ironically, this is something women are innately privileged in: studies show women have automatic in-group bias—women like women more than men like men—that people prefer their mothers to their fathers, and men are universally associated with negative behavior such as violence. It's propagated in the popular stereotypes of the bumbling husband, the insensitive jock, the aggressive bully, and so on.

National Geographic: Ladies Last

That perspective is dismissed by feminists as lashing out from male privilege, and the fear of losing it. But how privileged are men over women, when their life expectancy recedes further from that of women the lower the standard of living? Is there a Kickstarter I can donate to for that? No, instead National Geographic states matter of factly that it's a "troubling trend" and a "wake up call" that men's life expectancy is getting closer to that of women in the US, because it means women are gaining less. They use the margin by which women outlive men as if it's some sort of index of prosperity.

Hey, remember that time when Hillary Clinton said "Women have always been the primary victims of war"? Because they "lose their husbands, their fathers, their sons in combat." A woman who survives is more of a victim than a man who dies for her, please be sure to educate yourself on this.

Could it be that the sexism women say they are constantly subjected to online, is merely the flipside of a coin? One that allows them to cultivate attention with nothing more than a well-chosen avatar, and which men eagerly give to them? How many women forego the make-up in their profiles and videos before lamenting the unsolicited date proposals, awkward as they may be?

I'm not ignoring cases like Kathy Sierra and the persistent, real harassment she received, but let's not forget that it was inflicted by individuals upon individuals, not on womankind.

When the overwhelming majority of open source contributors are men fighting for recognition, do you suppose some of them might feel some resentment that a woman can walk into a room, real or virtual, and make everyone's head turn? If so, do women's concerns deserve automatic precedence over men's? The country I live in has a Minister for the Status of Women after all. Not for Equality.

The Anti-Harrassment Policy

To attend or speak at JSConf, you must agree to a code of conduct. Its goal is to create a positive, harassment free environment, something which I am all for. The policy is starting to be adopted verbatim by other conferences, like PyCon.

But the wording explicitly defines harrassment as including "offensive verbal comments", specifically "related to gender, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, body size, race, religion, sexual images in public spaces, deliberate intimidation, stalking, following, harassing photography or recording, sustained disruption of talks or other events, inappropriate physical contact, and unwelcome sexual attention."

How many of the storms in teacups above would fall under this wide umbrella? If the yardstick to be applied is offense, then this basically forces everyone to walk on egg shells and admit guilt ahead of time. "Participants asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately." There is no room here to discuss the merit of a particular case, to measure the validity of a claim.

Keeping it on-topic: the problem with discussing sex at technical conferences

Indeed, the latest is that we cancel the talk first, ask questions later, based on the concerns of a single complaint over a title without a summary. The threat of going public was possibly made, but accounts differ. I find the Ada Initiative's first response to the situation revealing.

While stressing the real issue is staying on topic and not devolving into unnecessary sexual talk, every negative point raised appears to concern only women. "Sexual topics [...] can be perceived as encouragement to humiliate, objectify, and assault women, regardless of the intent of the speaker." And, "Many people are unable to separate 'talking about sex' and 'saying derogatory things about women'." Their response shows they assumed the talk would not be "done in a woman-positive way". That is, a talk featuring a female speaker who blogs about harm reduction.

At no point do they express regret at having silenced a voice. "Be considerate and thoughtful," it ends.

Let me borrow a quote from Stephen Fry: "The only people who are obsessed with food are anorexics and the morbidly obese, and that in erotic terms is the Catholic church in a nutshell." You'll never see more talk of sexism and rape than on feminist websites.

Trigger warnings, humiliation, objectification, assault, rape culture: feminism's opinion of neither men nor women's abilities to act mature around each other seems particularly high.

As an aside, have you ever noticed how Tumblr isn't just a hub for bold feminism, but also erotic fanfics? And by 'erotic' I mean gay sex of dubious consent set in the Twilight universe. You know. Rape. That fangirls write and fantasize about. And joke about in hushed tones at Comic-Con. Is that woman-positive enough, or are the lines blurring a bit?

More recently, someone lost their job after public shaming involving an overheard and misinterpreted comment about "forking" and "dongles", and the guy still felt the need to apologize profusely to the female offendee. Her media presence exceeds his by far and includes tweeting about "[putting] something into your pants [...] like a bunch of socks". Meanwhile followers thanked her for her bravery, that is, snapping a picture with a smile and throwing it to the lions. Who was abusing who here?

Of course it blew up into its own internet storm, but can you blame people for responding in kind to an example that's been so clearly set?

People read Woman fired for getting upset at man's joke and fill in the rest of the story themselves, like this animated GIF equivalent of a temper tantrum. More dignified publications instead carefully explain "Why asking what [she] could have done differently is the wrong question", that is, the one question in this entire fiasco the rest of us could actually learn something from.

Judging a book by its cover is the new tolerance. We throw people into the stocks based on feelings while ignoring intent and assuming victimhood. This is why I fundamentally disagree with equating offense with harassment: it provides unlimited ammo and shuts down discussion rather than giving people the benefit of doubt. It elevates the exception to the norm, by presuming the worst.

Here's a clause I'd like to see instead: if you choose to air minor incidents in public one-sidely—or threaten to do so—rather than resolving the matter in private, you lose by default. Leave the soapbox for the people who actually need it. Also, if a speaker has been invited and has spent time preparing a talk, it's the most basic courtesy to honor that invitation, no matter what. Let people judge it on its own merits. We attend conferences to hear other points of view, not to be sheltered from them.

As for the creeper move cards, please toss them out, because that's not how adults resolve differences. How gender-neutral is the word creep anyway, and how would you respond to being dismissed with a generic scrap of paper printed from the internet?

If you reduce communication to such a passive aggressive and childish statement, color me unsurprised when you receive an equally childish response, especially in a community that thrives on subversion and creative re-use of things they're not supposed to toy with. It's the exact same attitude that protects us from DRM, eagerly tests claims of privacy and security, and liberates closed technology for those without access. You cannot have one without the other.

Conferences are social gatherings, and sexuality is a normal part of that. I know several happy couples who met at a tech conference, coming from different cities or even countries. Are we to assume that none of them used this opportunity to hook up, and that relationships never happen without ambiguity and misunderstanding? It's not a binary choice between tweeting #ITappedThat and turning conferences into convents.

But why does it seem like there are so many socially maladjusted men roaming these conferences? Does anyone care about the reasons at all, like say, the high rate of autism-spectrum disorders among geeks? Could it be due to the emphasis schools and universities place on non-intellectual pursuits like sports and popularity, and the bullying that results from it? Because it seems to me what some socially awkward hackers have done is exactly what the social justice warriors want: they've created a safe space for themselves, where only their own rules apply.

I never hear much about the effect "Jock culture" has on men, but quite a lot about "Rape culture" and women. We stereotype geeky men as neckbearded basement dwellers whom women are to be protected from unilaterally, rather than working towards real resolution. I don't mind the word neckbeard personally, it can be a humorous badge of pride, but if it's offensive to anyone, surely that's men, not women?

Neckbeard Republic

Beating Which Odds?

In a post titled, Beating the Odds, the JSConf organizers explain how they got 25% of their speakers to be women. The choice quote is: "Our industry systematically biases against 50% of great speakers and misses out on a significant amount of talks, topics, discussion and thus progress." The argument is that, despite only 10% of proposals coming from women, an anonymized selection process disproportionately favored female speakers.

Under a more traditional selection process, these women's valuable and apparently superior contributions would have been ignored. Note how they ignore the ratio of men and women in the industry, and assume this would not affect the gender ratio of good candidates: 50% of them are assumed to be women. That's not how statistics work.

The results: "Our highest ranked talk is from a woman and we know we wouldn’t have gotten that talk without the outreach we did." And: "We invited 35 women to submit to the [Call For Proposals], of these 13 ended up submitting one or more proposals, 5 women submitted on their own."

So basically, there is a significant amount of pre-selection going on here. In their outreach to female candidates, organizers naturally prefer women who they already think will make good speakers. These candidates then further self-selected based on their own confidence and skill. Less than half of female speakers submitted on their own. Meanwhile, the 162 proposals from men came from the usual pool, requiring no unique outreach. Despite extolling the virtues of anonymized selection, the process was biased to favor talented women from the get go, and it's no surprise women sent in better proposals as a group.

Given the rates of commercial and open source tech participation for women, getting 25% female speakers is a high number, assuming fair random sampling, beating the odds. But it's not random at all. The cure for sexism is apparently... more special treatment for women?

It also bothers me on a personal level: I'm gay, and feel equally excluded when someone puts a picture of Natalie Portman in their JavaScript talk. But even if I wasn't, who's to assume my opinions on the matter would fall in line with the cliché? When people do diversity spot checks of speaker panels and rally the horde, I get counted as just another dude propagating patriarchy and hetero­normativeness. What does it tell you when the first thought upon seeing a lone woman in a line-up is token female rather than trailblazer?

Now, I'm not against setting a good example, and I realize the perception of a boy's club can be a barrier to entry. However that shouldn't distract us from what equality of opportunity actually looks like. In tech, it's nowhere near a 50 / 50 gender split, because the imbalance starts much earlier, with more men than women going into STEM fields, despite the fact that 3 women now graduate for every 2 men.

Can we at least give women the benefit of the doubt and assume that they go after what interests them, rather than being unable to choose differently? Even in the most gender-equal country in the world, Norway, STEM fields are still male dominated and the social sector remains female dominated, despite decades of fervent pro-equality policy and education.

Hjernevask

How solid and gender-neutral is the research that traces this all back to social pressure? The 2010 documentary Hjernevask (Brainwash) provided a very revealing answer to this question and others, causing a stir in the Norwegian academic community. I highly recommend watching it, there are English subtitles. I found the resemblance to creationism and intelligent design striking: supposed scientists were dismissing observations out of hand because of perceived implications, questioning the author's motives instead. But sexual dimorphism doesn't imply patriarchy, any more than evolution implies social darwinism.

Some choice facts from honest nature vs. nurture research: even day-old babies show a measurable difference in interest between boys and girls, when presented with both a mechanical toy and a human face. Genetically identical twins have similar IQs and depression rates and research with adopted children shows a similar relation to their biological parents, much more than their adoptive ones. This is no reason to treat individuals any different, but some averages differ innately across gender lines, and I don't see that as something we can or should fix by overcompensating.

Breaking Out of The Filter Bubble

Above all, there's a common thread I can't ignore. The women I admire and respect in tech did so primarily on their own merit, letting nobody speak for them but themselves. Like the men I look up to, they point people to their accomplishments, not their likeability. Their Twitter bios don't consist of one ism after another, showing their adherence to a pre-approved set of beliefs. They don't let random trolls derail them, and they don't find themselves at the center of fires of their own making, expecting others to put them out.

It's also the ideal I aim for. When a couple thousand people on YouTube told me I had no life, I laughed my ass off at the absurdity. I'd just created an accidental experiment in viral media, and learned tons in the process. Meanwhile they just watched a video they apparently didn't like, and then wasted more of their time to point this out. They weren't talking about me, they were talking about themselves.

When people told me I killed Unix, that I should be shot, and that I was just some idiot designer who didn't understand code, I didn't have the privilege to retweet the offense and let my posse roll in. I could only ignore it, taking the reputation hit, or refute the misconceptions with arguments and insight, changing people's minds one post at a time. The arrogant Unix greybeards who bugged me in private? Simple: you bait them into telling you everything they know, pan for gold amongst the mud, and move on. One person against the might of Twitter, HackerNews and Reddit: it's really not so bad, just don't take it too seriously. Once the novelty wears off, the bystander effect kicks in, unless you keep stoking the fires yourself.

Of course, I did let it inform my choices: I stopped working on that project in public, realizing I wasn't going to get much useful participation until much later, and I could do without the distraction. But it no longer bothers me, it's just one in a long line of useful experiments. The lingering frustration I feel is about people's short sightedness, not bruised ego. Ever since then, I treat the internet like I would a lovable-but-backwards grandparent, who makes racist comments over Christmas dinner. Yes Grandma, it's all the damn commie jews and faggots' fault, now, who wants dessert?

No, I don't feel bad for dropping in those sacrilegious words in there just now. I like to think you are mature enough to let those letters pass under your eyes, without burning me at the stake because it reminds you of something unpleasant. I trust you to focus on the couple thousand words I started with, rather than just two at the end. See, the reason people say the n-word instead of nigger when talking about racism, is that they don't yet realize they too would have owned slaves back then.

When the internet gets its panties in a bunch for the umpteenth time, it's worth asking: where are people getting their information from? The plural of anecdote is not data, after all. Every incident I've heard of lately was massively blown out of proportion. Kony 2012 anyone? Look, finally a cause we can all be equally offended by.

Women are adamant about not being pigeonholed by their gender. I see no reason why we should encourage and celebrate doing it to men. Whether male or female, or any of the shades in between and around, people can have wildly different points of view, and reducing everything to a gender battle is as myopic as pretending no issues exist at all.

The most reasonable people are now afraid to speak their mind. They rightly fear being shamed and harassed by those who scream the loudest of abuse. I've debated writing about this for a while, because I know what a certain part of the response will be. But I'm not the only one saying it, so I'm doing it here, once, in full length, with honest citations, after discussion with people of experience. Women and men, in case you're wondering. "Good luck" was a common theme.

Remember, I'm not the one trying to make hay out of gender issues, turning them into ad revenue, TV appearances or book sales. In my line of work, we're expected to fix things, not just tell people they're broken in increasingly hyperbolic words.

Don't man the cannons or summon the horde. Instead, go check out the ton of links I just dropped into your lap, listen to what's already been said, and see if you can't hear the sound of a record skipping somewhere in the distance. It's not the one you think it is.

For the future then, something to think about. If I step outside, I can walk a couple blocks in any direction to encounter these.

I've taken the liberty of making them more honest:

Dead Rocks

Audi

This is what we allow advertisers to paste onto our streets, our newspapers, our TV shows. Our brains. And then the media turns around to tell us how everyone's being selfish and insecure, but sexism is to blame.

As a smarter person put it, it's narcissism repackaged as a gender battle.

Don't say it doesn't affect you, not when a picture of dollar bills makes you more reluctant to help someone pick up pencils.

14 Mar 11:51

A second spring of cleaning

by Emily Wood
Georg.muntingh

Google Reader houdt er mee op. Goede timing dus met The Old Reader. :)

We’re living in a new kind of computing environment. Everyone has a device, sometimes multiple devices. It’s been a long time since we have had this rate of change—it probably hasn’t happened since the birth of personal computing 40 years ago. To make the most of these opportunities, we need to focus—otherwise we spread ourselves too thin and lack impact. So today we’re announcing some more closures, bringing the total to 70 features or services closed since our spring cleaning began in 2011:

  • Apps Script will be deprecating the GUI Builder and five UiApp widgets in order to focus efforts on Html Service. The rest of the Ui Service will not be affected. The GUI Builder will continue to be available until September 16, 2013. For more information see our post on the Google Apps Developer Blog.
  • CalDAV API will become available for whitelisted developers, and will be shut down for other developers on September 16, 2013. Most developers’ use cases are handled well by Google Calendar API, which we recommend using instead. If you’re a developer and the Calendar API won’t work for you, please fill out this form to tell us about your use case and request access to whitelisted-only CalDAV API.
  • Google Building Maker helped people to make three-dimensional building models for Google Earth and Maps. It will be retired on June 1, but users are still able to access and export their models from the 3D Warehouse. We’ll continue to expand the availability of comprehensive and accurate new 3D imagery on Google Earth, and people can still use Google Map Maker to add building information such as outlines and heights to Google Maps.
  • Google Cloud Connect is a plug-in to help people work in the cloud by automatically saving Microsoft Office files from Windows PCs in Google Drive. But installing Google Drive on your desktop achieves the same thing more effectively—and Drive works not only on Windows, but also on Mac, Android and iOS devices. Existing users will no longer be able to use Cloud Connect as of April 30.
  • We launched Google Reader in 2005 in an effort to make it easy for people to discover and keep tabs on their favorite websites. While the product has a loyal following, over the years usage has declined. So, on July 1, 2013, we will retire Google Reader. Users and developers interested in RSS alternatives can export their data, including their subscriptions, with Google Takeout over the course of the next four months.
  • Beginning next week, we're ending support for the Google Voice App for Blackberry. For Blackberry users who want to continue using Google Voice, we recommend they use our HTML5 app, which is more secure and easier for us to keep up to date. Our HTML5 site is compatible with users with Blackberry version 6 and newer.
  • We’re deprecating our Search API for Shopping, which has enabled developers to create shopping apps based on Google’s Product Search data. While we believe in the value this offering provided, we’re shifting our focus to concentrate on creating a better shopping experience for users through Google Shopping. We’ll shut the API down completely on September 16, 2013.
  • Beginning today we’ll no longer sell or provide updates for Snapseed Desktop for Macintosh and Windows. Existing customers will continue to be able to download the software and can contact us for support. We’ll continue to offer the Snapseed mobile app on iOS and Android for free.

These changes are never easy. But by focusing our efforts, we can concentrate on building great products that really help in their lives.

Update March 15, 2013: We worked with the developers who provide 98 percent of our current CalDAV traffic to assure access to the CalDAV API, which means many popular products will not be impacted. We remain committed to supporting open protocols like CalDAV.

Posted by Urs Hölzle, SVP Technical Infrastructure and Google Fellow
07 Mar 13:38

Berlusconi:jaar cel om afluisteren

Silvio Berlusconi is tot een jaar cel veroordeeld in een afluisterzaak. De Italiaanse politicus krijgt die straf voor het publiceren van afgeluisterde telefoongesprekken in 2005. Verwacht wordt dat hij in hoger beroep gaat en voorlopig dus niet de cel in hoeft.