吴晓晓

Energy levels of perovskite nanocrystallites depend on their size owing to quantum confinement and the concurrent yet distinct phenomenon of size-dependent structural changes where surface perturbations template the core. This effect can aid in the design of perovskite opto-electronic devices utilizing mesoporous layers to tailor the size of infiltrated nanocrystallites.

Abstract

A comprehensive picture explaining the effect of the crystal size in metal halide perovskite films on their opto-electronic characteristics is currently lacking. We report that perovskite nanocrystallites exhibit a wider band gap due to concurrent quantum confinement and size dependent structural effects, with the latter being remarkably distinct and attributed to the perturbation from the surface of the nanocrystallites affecting the structure of their core. This phenomenon might assist in the photo-induced charge separation within the perovskite in devices employing mesoporous layers as they restrict the size of nanocrystallites present in them. We demonstrate that the crystal size effect is widely applicable as it is ubiquitous in different compositions and deposition methods employed in the fabrication of state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells. This effect is a convenient and effective way to tune the band gap of perovskites.

Next-generation flexible solar cells have recently undergone rapid development with a promising outlook for high performance and mass-producibility. Protecting these devices from moisture and oxygen by effective encapsulation is essential to achieve the required operational lifetimes for commercialization. This article reviews flexible barrier materials and encapsulation strategies to improve the lifetime of flexible perovskite and organic photovoltaics.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have undergone rapid development within the last decade, exhibiting exciting properties such as high efficiency, flexibility, and the potential for large-scale fabrication through roll-to-roll (R2R) processing. Despite this, operational stability is recognized to be an ongoing challenge as prolonged device lifetimes are scarcely observed. This instability can be narrowed down to both “intrinsic degradation” and “extrinsic degradation,” with exposure to moisture and oxygen having detrimental effects on device performance. A means of delaying the degradation of flexible PSC and OPV devices is through barrier encapsulation. Despite glass encapsulation exhibiting ideal barrier properties, the potential for flexible devices and high-throughput R2R fabrication requires the development of flexible barrier materials and encapsulation strategies. These barriers must demonstrate outstanding moisture permeation resistance, high transparency, chemical and thermal stability, and must be able to withstand repeated mechanical deformation. Herein, the fundamental principles of PSC and OPV devices are initially discussed, highlighting the degradation mechanisms and current stability obstacles. A review of the latest flexible barrier materials and encapsulation strategies follows, introducing stability studies that have been undertaken on flexible PSCs and OPV, along with suggestions as to the direction that future research may take.

Current losses in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are investigated using transient photoluminescence and charge extraction measurements. Mobile ions cause a substantial current and efficiency loss by accumulating at the perovskite/transport layer interfaces, which screens the internal electric field. This work elucidates the detrimental impact of mobile ions in PSCs and paves the path toward mitigating this key loss mechanism.

Abstract

Efficient mixed metal lead-tin halide perovskites are essential for the development of all-perovskite tandem solar cells, however they are currently limited by significant short-circuit current losses despite their near optimal bandgap (≈1.25 eV). Herein, the origin of these losses is investigated, using a combination of voltage dependent photoluminescence (PL) timeseries and various charge extraction measurements. It is demonstrated that the Pb/Sn-perovskite devices suffer from a reduction in the charge extraction efficiency within the first few seconds of operation, which leads to a loss in current and lower maximum power output. In addition, the emitted PL from the device rises on the exact same timescales due to the accumulation of electronic charges in the active layer. Using transient charge extraction measurements, it is shown that these observations cannot be explained by doping-induced electronic charges but by the movement of mobile ions toward the perovskite/transport layer interfaces, which inhibits charge extraction due to band flattening. Finally, these findings are generalized to lead-based perovskites, showing that the loss mechanism is universal. This elucidates the negative role mobile ions play in perovskite solar cells and paves a path toward understanding and mitigating a key loss mechanism.

A critical review on the synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based materials in the wide field of mechanical sensors and actuators is provided. Different transduction mechanisms are covered, such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission.

Abstract

A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human–machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.

A novel type of releasing nanocapsule is designed and demonstrated for high-throughput printing of highly efficient perovskite solar cells with excellent stability. The releasing effect of these perovskite nanocapsules promotes homogeneous nucleation by diffusion-controlled growth. A record manufacturing efficiency of 140 s is demonstrated for perovskite solar modules installation of 1 kW.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising photovoltaic technologies due to their impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low-temperature fabrication process, while it is still challenging to print uniform perovskite film with high crystalline quality over a module size. Here, a printable and stable perovskite nanocapsules ink to realize the high-throughput printing of large-area, highly uniform perovskite films with micron grain size is reported. It is discovered that the releasing effect of these perovskite nanocapsules promotes homogeneous nucleation by diffusion-controlled growth due to the steady-state diffusion of the solute in solution. Remarkably, the printed PSCs and 25 cm² modules achieve power conversion efficiencies of 22.10% and 16.12%, respectively. They exhibit negligible efficiency loss after continuous operation for over 1000 h under AM1.5 illumination, and excellent thermal (85 °C) stability with over 87% of the initial efficiency after aging for 500 h. This perovskite nanocapsules ink is expected to facilitate the high-yield fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics.

A unique organic–inorganic single-crystal perovskitoid structure (yellow) is synthesized by using zwitterionic cysteamine linkers. It gradually transforms into a Ruddlesden-Popper structure (red crystallites) via a crystal–crystal transformation. The perovskitoid can be used as an active layer in self-powered photodetector and as a selective Ni²⁺ ion detection probe.

Abstract

We demonstrate synthesis of a new low-D hybrid perovskitoid (a perovskite-like hybrid halide structure, yellow crystals, P21/n space group) using zwitterion cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) linker, and its remarkable molecular diffusion-controlled crystal-to-crystal transformation to Ruddlesden-Popper phase (Red crystals, Pnma space group). Our stable intermediate perovskitoid distinctly differs from all previous reports by way of a unique staggered arrangement of holes in the puckered 2D configuration with a face-sharing connection between the corrugated-1D double chains. The PL intensity for the yellow phase is 5 orders higher as compared to the red phase and the corresponding average lifetime is also fairly long (143 ns). First principles DFT calculations conform very well with the experimental band gap data. We demonstrate applicability of the new perovskitoid yellow phase as an excellent active layer in a self-powered photodetector and for selective detection of Ni²⁺ via On-Off-On photoluminescence (PL) based on its composite with few-layer black phosphorous.

By using a removable polymer film, transfer of perovskite arrays to planar or nonplanar surfaces is realized. The total thickness of the fabricated perovskite device is thin enough to form conformal contact on various surfaces with 3D geometries. This work provides the integration of perovskites on contact lenses and pressure sensors, achieving multiplexed sensing platforms for future electronics.

Abstract

Despite recent substantial advances in perovskite materials, their 3D integration capability for next-generation electronic devices is limited owing to their inherent vulnerability to heat and moisture with degradation of their remarkable optoelectronic properties during fabrication processing. Herein, a facile method to transfer the patterns of perovskites to planar or nonplanar surfaces using a removable polymer is reported. After fabricating perovskite devices on this removable polymer film, the conformal attachment of this film on target surfaces can place the entire devices on various substrates by removing this sacrificial film. This transfer method enables the formation of a perovskite image sensor array on a soft contact lens, and in vivo tests using rabbits demonstrate its wearability. Furthermore, 3D heterogeneous integration of a perovskite photodetector array with an active-matrix array of pressure-sensitive silicon transistors using this transfer method demonstrates the formation of a multiplexed sensing platform detecting distributions of light and tactile pressure simultaneously.

Recent progress on perovskite surface and interface science of perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized. The impact of various surface and interface defects on heterojunction energy barriers and carrier dynamics in devices is reviewed and discussed. Practical engineering methods to mitigate these defects at various interfaces in devices are also considered.

Abstract

Surfaces and heterojunction interfaces, where defects and energy levels dictate charge-carrier dynamics in optoelectronic devices, are critical for unlocking the full potential of perovskite semiconductors. In this progress report, chemical structures of perovskite surfaces are discussed and basic physical rules for the band alignment are summarized at various perovskite interfaces. Common perovskite surfaces are typically decorated by various compositional and structural defects such as residual surface reactants, discrete nanoclusters, reactions by products, vacancies, interstitials, antisites, etc. Some of these surface species induce deep-level defect states in the forbidden band forming very harmful charge-carrier traps and affect negatively the interface band alignments for achieving optimal device performance. Herein, an overview of research progresses on surface and interface engineering is provided to minimize deep-level defect states. The reviewed subjects include selection of interface and substrate buffer layers for growing better crystals, materials and processing methods for surface passivation, the surface catalyst for microstructure transformations, organic semiconductors for charge extraction or injection, heterojunctions with wide bandgap perovskites or nanocrystals for mitigating defects, and electrode interlayer for preventing interdiffusion and reactions. These surface and interface engineering strategies are shown to be critical in boosting device performance for both solar cells and light-emitting diodes.

Chemical composition, hydrogen bonding, and external factors (temperature and pressure) determine the structures and photoelectric properties of low-dimensional metal halide perovskites (LDMHPs). This review discusses the construction strategies of the recent LDMHPs and their applications in the luminescence field for a better understanding of these factors and a prospect for LDMHPs’ development in the future.

Abstract

Replacing methylammonium (MA⁺), formamidine (FA⁺), and/or cesium (Cs⁺) in 3D metal halide perovskites by larger organic cations have built a series of low-dimensional metal halide perovskites (LDMHPs) in which the inorganic metal halide octahedra arranging in the forms of 2D layers, 1D chains, and 0D points. These LDMHPs exhibit significantly different optoelectronic properties from 3D metal halide perovskites (MHPs) due to their unique quantum confinement effects and large exciton binding energies. In particular, LDMHPs often have excellent broadband luminescence from self-trapped excitons. Chemical composition, hydrogen bonding, and external factors (temperature and pressure etc.) determine structures and influence photoelectric properties of LDMHPs greatly, and especially it seems that there is no definite regulation to predict the structure and photoelectric properties when a random cation, metal, and halide is chosen to design a LDMHP. Therefore, this review discusses the construction strategies of the recent reported LDMHPs and their application progress in the luminescence field for a better understanding of these factors and a prospect for LDMHPs’ development in the future.

The stability of (FAPbI₃)_0.85(MAPbBr₃)_0.15 perovskite solar cell is explored in different atmospheres using impedance spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model and distribution of relaxation times are used to analyze the impedance spectra supported by an unsupervised machine learning method. The transport behavior at the interface and bulk is strongly dependent on the environmental conditions particularly under 1 Sun illumination.

Abstract

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites are one of the promising candidates for the next-generation semiconductors due to their superlative optoelectronic properties. However, one of the limiting factors for potential applications is their chemical and structural instability in different environments. Herein, the stability of (FAPbI₃)_0.85(MAPbBr₃)_0.15 perovskite solar cell is explored in different atmospheres using impedance spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model and distribution of relaxation times (DRTs) are used to effectively analyze impedance spectra. DRT is further analyzed via machine learning workflow based on the non-negative matrix factorization of reconstructed relaxation time spectra. This exploration provides the interplay of charge transport dynamics and recombination processes under environment stimuli and illumination. The results reveal that in the dark, oxygen atmosphere induces an increased hole concentration with less ionic character while ionic motion is dominant under ambient air. Under 1 Sun illumination, the environment-dependent impedance responses show a more striking effect compared with dark conditions. In this case, the increased transport resistance observed under oxygen atmosphere in equivalent circuit analysis arises due to interruption of photogenerated hole carriers. The results not only shed light on elucidating transport mechanisms of perovskite solar cells in different environments but also offer an effective interpretation of impedance responses.

Using an innovative quantum mechanical method for an open quantum system, we observe in real time and space the generation, migration, and dissociation of electron-hole pairs, transport of electrons and holes, and current emergence in an organic photovoltaic cell. Ehrenfest dynamics is used to study photoexcitation of thiophene:fullerene stacks coupled with a time-dependent density functional tight-binding method. Our results display the generation of an electron-hole pair in the donor and its subsequent migration to the donor-acceptor interface. At the interface, electrons transfer from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of thiophenes to the second LUMOs of fullerene. Further migration of electrons and holes leads to the emergence of current. These findings support previous experimental evidence of coherent couplings between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom and are expected to stimulate further work toward exploring the interplay between electron-hole pair (exciton) binding and vibronic coupling for charge separation and transport.

Nature Energy, Published online: 24 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00858-x

Nature Energy, Published online: 24 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00848-z

Two new small-molecule acceptors with different bandgaps are designed and synthesized for application in front and rear cells in tandem organic solar cells (OSCs) processed by non-halogenated solvents. When cooperating with appropriate polymer donors, the tandem OSCs processed by non-halogenated solvents demonstrate a power conversion efficiency of 16.67%.

Abstract

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have recently reached a remarkably high efficiency and become a promising technology for commercial application. However, OSCs with top efficiency are mostly processed by halogenated solvents and with additives that are not environmentally friendly, which hinders large-scale manufacture. In this study, high-performance tandem OSCs, based on polymer donors and two small-molecule acceptors with different bandgaps, are fabricated by solution processing with non-halogenated solvents without additive. Importantly, the two active layers developed from non-halogenated solvents show better phase segregation and charge transport properties, leading to superior performance than halogenated ones. As a result, a tandem OSC with high efficiency of up to 16.67% is obtained, showing unique advantages in future massive production.

An in-situ hot oxygen cleansing with superior trap passivation method is developed to prepare mixed-halide CsPbTh₃ films during ambient fabrication of solar cells. The results reveal that organic residues are removed and halide vacancies can be effectively decreased by this straightforward technique. The power conversion efficiency is increased significantly from 17.15% to 19.65% with E _loss reduction from 0.57 to 0.48 eV.

Abstract

All-inorganic perovskite CsPbI₃ has attracted extensive attention recently because of its excellent thermal and chemical stability. However, its photovoltaic performance is hindered by large energy losses (E _loss) due to the presence of point defects. In addition, hydroiodic acid (HI) is currently employed as a hydrolysis-derived precursor of intermediate compounds, which often leads to a small amount of organic residue, thus undermining its chemical stability. Herein, an in-situ hot oxygen cleansing with superior passivation (HOCP) for the triple halide-mixed CsPb(I_2.85Br_0.149Cl_0.001) perovskite solar cells (abbreviated as CsPbTh₃) deposited in an ambient atmosphere to reduce the E _loss to as low as 0.48 eV for the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to reach 19.65% is demonstrated. It is found that the hot oxygen treatment effectively removes the organic residues. Meanwhile, it passivates halide vacancies, hence reduces the trap states and nonradiative recombination losses within the perovskite layer. As a result, the PCE is increased significantly from 17.15% to 19.65% under 1 sun illumination with an open-circuit voltage enlarged to 1.23 from 1.14 V, which corresponds to an E _loss reduction from 0.57 to 0.48 eV. Also, the HOCP-treated devices exhibit better long-term stability. This insight should pave a way for decreasing nonradiative charge recombination losses for high-performance inorganic perovskite photoelectronics.

In article number 2100518, Johanna Heine and co-workers report tunable white-light emission from atomically thin sheets of the 1D hybrid perovskite [C₇H₁₀N]₃[BiCl₅]Cl. The unique structure enables self-trapped-exciton formation with white-light emission, and reveals the thickness dependence of the exciton self-trapping. This enables facile control of the emission color in next-generation lighting and display technologies.

A room-temperature intrinsic magnetic field effect is realized in perovskite nanocrystals. The circular polarization of exciton photoluminescence in CsPbCl₃ is enhanced by sp–d interactions with Mn doping, and is further stabilized by exciton orbital ordering with partial Br substitution, which induces 4.6% circular polarization ratio at room temperature in a 35 T magnetic field.

Abstract

Magnetic-field-enhanced spin-polarized electronic/optical properties in semiconductors are crucial for fabricating various spintronic devices. However, this spin polarization is governed by weak spin exchange interactions and easily randomized by thermal fluctuations; therefore, it is only produced at cryogenic temperatures, which severely limits the applications. Herein, a room-temperature intrinsic magnetic field effect (MFE) on excitonic photoluminescence is achieved in CsPbX₃:Mn (X = Cl, Br) perovskite nanocrystals. Through moderate Mn doping, the MFE is enhanced by exciton–Mn interactions, and through partial Br substitution, the MFE is stabilized at room temperature by exciton orbital ordering. The orbital ordering significantly enhances the g-factor difference between electrons and holes, which is evidenced by a parallel orbit–orbit interaction among excitons generated by circular polarized laser excitation. This study provides a clear avenue for engineering spintronic materials based on orbital interactions in perovskites.

Newly synthesized hexabenzocoronene (HBC)–osmapentalyne complexes that combine fragments of graphene and metalla-aromatics are emerging as cathode interlayer materials. Further extending the d_π –p_π conjugated systems of osmapentalynes, the most successful complex, in this work, HBC-S is found to boost the efficiency of non-fullerene solar cells to over 18%.

Abstract

Interface engineering is a critical method by which to efficiently enhance the photovoltaic performance of nonfullerene solar cells (NFSC). Herein, a series of metal–nanographene-containing large transition metal involving d_π –p_π conjugated systems by way of the addition reactions of osmapentalynes and p-diethynyl-hexabenzocoronenes is reported. Conjugated extensions are engineered to optimize the π-conjugation of these metal–nanographene molecules, which serve as alcohol-soluble cathode interlayer (CIL) materials. Upon extension of the π-conjugation, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6:BTP-eC9-based NFSCs increases from 16% to over 18%, giving the highest recorded PCE. It is deduced by X-ray crystallographic analysis, interfacial contact methods, morphology characterization, and carrier dynamics that modification of hexabenzocoronenes-styryl can effectively improve the short-circuit current density (J _sc) and fill factor of organic solar cells (OSCs), mainly due to the strong and ordered charge transfer, more matching energy level alignments, better interfacial contacts between the active layer and the electrodes, and regulated morphology. Consequently, the carrier transport is largely facilitated, and the carrier recombination is simultaneously impeded. These new CIL materials are broadly able to enhance the photovoltaic properties of OSCs in other systems, which provides a promising potential to serve as CILs for higher-quality OSCs.

In article 2004488, Miaosheng Wang, Valeria Lauter, Bin Hu and co-workers discovered a fundamentally new phenomenon of optically induced magnetization achieved by coupling photoexcited orbital magnetic dipoles with magnetic spins at perovskite/ferromagnetic interface. In operando polarized neutron reflectometry combined with in situ photoexcitation, constitutes key evidence of this novel effect. Image credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory/Jill Hemman.

Nature Energy, Published online: 07 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00843-4

Nature Energy, Published online: 14 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00830-9

Nature Materials, Published online: 10 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01029-9

Nature, Published online: 09 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03423-4

Nature Communications, Published online: 10 June 2021; doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23917-z

Herein, drift-diffusion simulation parameters are established to describe efficient (20%) p–i–n-type perovskite solar cells. Using these parameters, effective strategies to further improve the performance are explored. It is found that the key to reaching the 30% efficiency milestone is maximizing the built-in voltage across the perovskite layer by implementing doped- or ultrathin transport layers such as self-assembled monolayers.

Perovskite semiconductors have demonstrated outstanding external luminescence quantum yields, enabling high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, the precise conditions to advance to an efficiency regime above monocrystalline silicon cells are not well understood. Herein, a simulation model that describes efficient p–i–n-type perovskite solar cells well and a range of different experiments is established. Then, important device and material parameters are studied and it is found that an efficiency regime of 30% can be unlocked by optimizing the built-in voltage across the perovskite layer using either highly doped (10¹⁹ cm⁻³) transport layers (TLs), doped interlayers or ultrathin self-assembled monolayers. Importantly, only parameters that have been reported in recent literature are considered, that is, a bulk lifetime of 10 μs, interfacial recombination velocities of 10 cm s⁻¹, a perovskite bandgap ( E gap ) of 1.5 eV, and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 95%. A maximum efficiency of 31% is predicted for a bandgap of 1.4 eV. Finally, it is demonstrated that the relatively high mobile ion density does not represent a significant barrier to reach this efficiency regime. The results of this study suggest continuous PCE improvements until perovskites may become the most efficient single-junction solar cell technology in the near future.

For the practical application of transparent building-integrated photovoltaics, various colors are implemented by varying the thickness of the indium thin oxide film while maintaining the transparency and visibility of the device. Also, device power generation in both directions and performance improvement in various backgrounds are confirmed. This large-area (16 cm²), inorganic-based transparent photovoltaic demonstrates stability for 150 days.

Transparent photovoltaics (TPVs) have attracted enormous attention due to their potential to be applied as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Transparent and semitransparent photovoltaics have achieved a high level of efficiency, but there are still a number of issues that limit their application, such as their device size, lack of stability, and transmittance in the visible wavelength region. The excellent color implementation of a bifacial color-tunable (BCT) TPV by tuning the indium tin oxide (ITO) thickness is demonstrated. The BCT TPV has a bifacial factor of 97.2% while maintaining an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 41.6%. The use of a 16 cm² large-scale TPV device using a dry plasma fabrication process is also demonstrated. This dry process enables large-scale device production and ensures long-term device stability. The efficiency improvement with various background colors (blue 14%, red 25%, and white 35%) without any additional installation on the device is also confirmed. The BCT TPV is a promising candidate for BIPV applications due to its wide range of color tunability and excellent double-sided photovoltaic operation, even under an indoor artificial light.

Efficient ternary thick-film organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are fabricated using PM6 as the donor and BP4T-4F and BP3T-4F with symmetric and asymmetric structures as alloyed acceptors. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary OPVs is slightly decreased from 16.91% to 16.03% for active layer thickness 100–300 nm, exhibiting an excellent PCE tolerance on active layer thickness.

High-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with relatively thick active layers are essential for large-scale production. Herein, series of OPVs with different active layer thicknesses are fabricated using PM6 as the donor and BP4T-4F and BP3T-4F with symmetric and asymmetric structures as acceptors. With the active layer thickness increasing from 100 to 300 nm, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BP3T-4F-based binary OPVs is slightly decreased from 15.37% to 14.40%, while the PCEs of BP4T-4F-based binary OPVs are markedly decreased from 16.89% to 14.99%. The two kinds of binary OPVs exhibit distinct PCEs and thickness tolerance features, which may be recombined into ternary OPVs using compatible BP3T-4F and BP4T-4F as alloyed acceptors. The ternary OPVs exhibit a slightly decreased PCE from 16.91% to 16.03% along with active layer thickness from 100 to 300 nm, benefiting from the well-optimized phase separation in ternary active layers. It is worth highlighting that the fill factor (FF) of 71.47% is achieved in ternary thick-film OPVs. The PCE of 16.03% and FF of 71.47% should be among the highest values among OPVs with 300 nm thick active layers.