Liuyanfeng
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Electrostatic Control of Excitonic Energies and Dynamics in a CdS Quantum Dot through Reversible Protonation of Its Ligands
Low temperature processed ZnO thin film as electron transport layer for efficient perovskite solar cells
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): Md Arafat Mahmud, Naveen Kumar Elumalai, Mushfika Baishakhi Upama, Dian Wang, Kah Howe Chan, Matthew Wright, Cheng Xu, Faiazul Haque, Ashraf Uddin
Organic inorganic lead halide Perovskite photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for commercial application because of their high efficiency and low production cost. One integral part of these high efficiency solar cells is electron transport layer that provides the electron contact selectivity and mitigates recombination phenomena for enhanced device performance. However, high temperature sintering process of most widely used Titanium oxide electron transport layer or the sophisticated, time consuming processing with nanostructured electron extraction material is a fundamental barrier to mass production of Perovskite solar cell with roll-to-roll process. In this work, we have reported the application of simple, low temperature processed (<150 °C) sol-gel ZnO thin film as electron transport layer with efficient (PCE: 8.77%), highly reproducible Perovskite solar cell. Consecutive spin coating process has been implemented to find a multi-layer ZnO film that ensures high optical absorption in photoactive Perovskite layer by acting as a highly transmitting, less reflective, transparent layer. The optimized ZnO film also provides coherent surface morphology for the proper crystalline growth of overlying Perovskite layer and suppresses the deep trap states existing at the ZnO/perovskite interface. A systematic impedance spectroscopy study has been presented in this work to comprehend the improved device performance with the optimized multilayer electron transport material. The electronic properties like contact resistance, recombination resistance, flat-band potential and depletion width of the best performing device have been investigated. The interfacial charge transfer characteristics between methyl ammonium lead triiodide perovskite and low temperature solgel ZnO have also been elaborated based on the interface electronic properties.
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Following the TRMC Trail: Optimization of Photovoltaic Efficiency and Structure–Property Correlation of Thiophene Oligomers
Efficiency improvement using bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium salt as a chemical additive in porphyrin based organic solar cells
DOI: 10.1039/C6NR06374H, Paper
Two new porphyrins with A-[small pi]-D-[small pi]-A structure show efficiencies up to 7.63% in BHJ solar cells.
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Dynamic electrical behavior of halide perovskite based solar cells
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): G.A. Nemnes, Cristina Besleaga, A.G. Tomulescu, Ioana Pintilie, L. Pintilie, K. Torfason, A. Manolescu
A dynamic electrical model is introduced to investigate the hysteretic effects in the J-V characteristics of perovskite based solar cells. By making a simple ansatz for the polarization relaxation, our model is able to reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively detailed features of measured J-V characteristics. Pre-poling effects are discussed, pointing out the differences between initially over- and under-polarized samples. In particular, the presence of the current overshoot observed in the reverse characteristics is correlated with the solar cell pre-conditioning. Furthermore, the dynamic hysteresis is analyzed with respect to changing the bias scan rate, the obtained results being consistent with experimentally reported data: the hysteresis amplitude is maximum at intermediate scan rates, while at very slow and very fast ones it becomes negligible. The effects induced by different relaxation time scales are assessed. The proposed dynamic electrical model offers a comprehensive view of the solar cell operation, being a practical tool for future calibration of tentative microscopic descriptions.
Tuning of PCDTBT:PC71BM blend nanoparticles for eco-friendly processing of polymer solar cells
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): Lien D’Olieslaeger, Martin Pfannmöller, Eduard Fron, Ilaria Cardinaletti, Mark Van Der Auweraer, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo, Sara Bals, Wouter Maes, Dirk Vanderzande, Jean Manca, Anitha Ethirajan
We report the controlled preparation of water processable nanoparticles (NPs) employing the push-pull polymer PCDTBT and the fullerene acceptor PC71BM in order to enable solar cell processing using eco-friendly solvent (i.e. water). The presented method provides the possibility to separate the formation of the active layer blend and the deposition of the active layer into two different processes. For the first time, the benefits of aqueous processability for the high-potential class of push-pull polymers, generally requiring high boiling solvents, are made accessible. With our method we demonstrate excellent control over the blend stoichiometry and efficient mixing. Furthermore, we provide visualization of the nanomorphology of the different NPs to obtain structural information down to ~2nm resolution using advanced analytical electron microscopy. The imaging directly reveals very small compositional demixing in the PCDTBT:PC71BM blend NPs, in the size range of about <5nm, indicating fine mixing at the molecular level. The suitability of the proposed methodology and materials towards the aspects of eco-friendly processing of organic solar cells is demonstrated through a processing of lab scale NPs solar cell prototypes reaching a power conversion efficiency of 1.9%.
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Reducible fabrication cost for P3HT-based organic solar cells by using one-step synthesized novel fullerene derivative
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): Zhiyang Liu, Weigang Jiang, Wang Li, Ling Hong, Tao Lei, Dongbo Mi, Ruixiang Peng, Xinhua Ouyang, Ziyi Ge
The cyclohexanone-containing fullerene mono-adduct, abbreviated as CHOC60, was efficiently prepared through single-step Diels-Alder reaction with 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)-l,3-butadiene and fullerenes. After reduction and esterification, CHOC60 was further converted into cyclohexyl acetate functional fullerene mono-adduct, named as CHAC60, which showed excellent solubility in common organic solvents. P3HT-based bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) were fabricated through a typical structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:(CHOC60 or CHAC60)/Ca/Al. The composite ratios of P3HT and the fullerene derivatives were modified such as 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:1.5 (w/w). The devices fabricated using CHOC60 or CHAC60 as acceptors achieved the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 2.97% and 3.15%, respectively, which exhibited comparative photovoltaic performances with commercial PC61BM. Moreover, CHOC60-based devices significantly reduced the manufacturing cost by the simplified synthesis of CHOC60 with high yield and low fullerene consumption. The non-aromatic side chain radical CHOC60 and CHAC60 provide a new idea for the design of fullerene derivative acceptors.
Film morphology evolution during solvent vapor annealing of highly efficient small molecule donor/acceptor blends
DOI: 10.1039/C6TA05056E, Paper
In-situ X-ray scattering studies of solvent vapor annealing of the active layer in benzodithiophene terthiophene rhodanine (BTR) solar cells reveals the mechanisms for morphology transformation and device improvement.
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Effects of Organic Cation Additives on the Fast Growth of Perovskite Thin Films for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells
Nonfullerene Tandem Organic Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage of 1.97 V
Small-molecule nonfullerene-based tandem organic solar cells (OSCs) are fabricated for the first time by utilizing P3HT:SF(DPPB)4 and PTB7-Th:IEIC bulk heterojunctions as the front and back subcells, respectively. A power conversion efficiency of 8.48% is achieved with an ultrahigh open-circuit voltage of 1.97 V, which is the highest voltage value reported to date among efficient tandem OSCs.
Design principles for block polymer organic double heterojunction solar cells
DOI: 10.1039/C6MH00293E, Communication
Calculations provide evidence that a double heterojunction structure could radically improve the efficiency of organic solar cells. Practical guidelines for implementing this structure are outlined here.
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Photovoltaics literature survey (no. 129)
In order to help readers stay up-to-date in the field, each issue of Progress in Photovoltaics will contain a list of recently published journal articles that are most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Renewable Energy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Journal of Applied Physics and Applied Physics Letters. To assist readers, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions, please email Ziv Hameiri at ziv.hameiri@unsw.edu.au. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells with a ZnO/Zn2SnO4 composite compact layer
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): Weixin Li, Qinghui Jiang, Junyou Yang, Yubo Luo, Xin Li, Yaru Hou, Shuqin Zhou
In this study, ZnO/Zn2SnO4 (ZSO) composite is synthesized as a promising alternative compact layer to TiO2 by spray pyrolysis method. Owing to the ZnO/ZSO composite possesses higher carrier mobility and suitable band gap structure, it will behave well in the application of solar cells. The characterization results show that the ZnO/ZSO composite compact layer manifests better optical transmittance, enhanced electrons collective efficiency and superior electrical conductivity. Consequently, the corresponding photo-current is improved effectively when compared with that of TiO2 compact layer. The optimum efficiency of perovskite solar cell based on the ZnO/ZSO composite compact layer reaches 12.03% at AM 1.5 solar light of 100mWcm−2, which is 18% higher than that of perovskite solar cell based on the TiO2 compact layer.
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A wide temperature tolerance, solution-processed MoOx interface layer for efficient and stable organic solar cells
Source:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 159
Author(s): Cong Xu, Ping Cai, Xiaowen Zhang, Zheling Zhang, Xiaogang Xue, Jian Xiong, Jian Zhang
While solution processable MoOx films (S-MoOx) are typically sensitive to thermal treatment temperature and oxygen, we report an approach with the features of a wide temperature tolerance, water-free and solution-processed S-MoOx film for organic solar cells (OSCs), The structural, morphological, electronic properties of synthesized S-MoOx film were studied in detail by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Contact angle meter, UV–visible Spectrophotometer (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). These analysis shows that the S-MoOx thin films possess the suitable morphology and electronic properties for application in OSCs. The S-MoOx film shows wide temperature tolerance from room temperature to 250°C. The S-MoOx was introduced into OSCs in normal and inverted configuration by acting as anode interface layer. The devices shows relatively high performance (ca 7.40%) based on varying temperature treated S-MoOx. The stability of the OSCs is dramatically enhanced via using the S-MoOx layers replace the conventional PEDOT:PSS layer both in air and in nitrogen atmosphere.
Molecular Understanding of Fullerene – Electron Donor Interactions in Organic Solar Cells
Organic solar cells hold promise of providing low-cost, renewable power generation, with current devices providing up to 13% power conversion efficiency. The rational design of more performant systems requires an in-depth understanding of the interactions between the electron donating and electron accepting materials within the active layers of these devices. Here, we explore works that give insight into the intermolecular interactions between electron donors and electron acceptors, and the impact of molecular orientations and environment on these interactions. We highlight, from a theoretical standpoint, the effects of intermolecular interactions on the stability of charge carriers at the donor/acceptor interface and in the bulk and how these interactions influence the nature of the charge transfer states as well as the charge separation and charge transport processes.
An assessment of intermolecular interactions and their impact on electronic processes in organic solar cells is presented. While a great deal has been learned about the molecular-scale optical and electronic processes in these devices, a complete understanding of how the active-layer composition and morphology influence the charge transfer states, polarization and charge separation still needs to be reached.
Fullerene Derivatives for the Applications as Acceptor and Cathode Buffer Layer Materials for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (pero-SCs) have been regarded as two promising photovoltaic technologies. The recent advances with power conversion efficiency over 10% and 20% have been realized in OSCs and pero-SCs, respectively. The fullerene derivatives play important role as acceptor materials in OSCs and cathode buffer layer (CBL) materials in OSCs and pero-SCs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progresses and perspectives of the functional fullerene derivatives as acceptor materials and CBLs for OSCs and pero-SCs.
Fullerene derivatives play a very important role as acceptor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs), cathode buffer layer materials in OSCs and perovskite solar cells (pero-SCs). Here, a comprehensive overview of recent progresses and perspectives of functional fullerene derivatives as acceptor materials and buffer layer materials for OSCs and pero-SCs is provided.
Nonradiative Charge-Transfer Exciton Recombination at Organic Heterojunctions
Mixed-solvent-vapor annealing of perovskite for photovoltaic device efficiency enhancement
Source:Nano Energy, Volume 28
Author(s): Xu Sun, Chunfu Zhang, Jingjing Chang, Haifeng Yang, He Xi, Gang Lu, Dazheng Chen, Zhenhua Lin, Xiaoli Lu, Jincheng Zhang, Yue Hao
The key to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells is the quality of perovskite materials. Here, we report a growth mode that the perovskite precursor film is thermal annealed in mixed anti-solvent (IPA) and solvent (DMF) (100:1, v/v) vapor environment to improve the film quality, which enhances the power conversion efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 based planar heterojunction solar cell device from 12.2% to 15.1%. After 8 days’ storage without encapsulation, the devices retained about 75% of their original efficiency while devices without solvent annealing reduced to 40% of that. It should be mentioned that by further applying compositional engineering such as using CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite precursor and using interface engineering approach, the efficiency of planar heterojunction solar cell could be further enhanced up to 18.9%. The enhancement in photovoltaic performance and stability is due to the perovskite film quality improvement, with the increased average grain size and crystallinity of perovskite.
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Solution-Processed Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Field-Effect Transistors with High Hole Mobilities
A very high hole mobility of 15 cm2 V−1 s−1 along with negligible hysteresis are demonstrated in transistors with an organic–inorganic perovskite semiconductor. This high mobility results from the well-developed perovskite crystallites, improved conversion to perovskite, reduced hole trap density, and improved hole injection by employing a top-contact/top-gate structure with surface treatment and MoOx hole-injection layers.
Controlling the Surface Organization of Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Polymers by their Aggregation in Solution
The aggregation of conjugated polymers is found to have a significant influence on the surface organization of deposited films. Difluorobenzothiadiazole-based polymers show a strong pre-aggregation in solution, but the addition of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene efficiently reduces such aggregates, leading to the transition of the surface organization from edge- to face-on orientation in deposited films.
Energy-Level Modulation of Small-Molecule Electron Acceptors to Achieve over 12% Efficiency in Polymer Solar Cells
Fine energy-level modulations of small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) are realized via subtle chemical modifications on strong electron-withdrawing end-groups. The two new SMAs (IT-M and IT-DM) end-capped by methyl-modified dicycanovinylindan-1-one exhibit upshifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, and hence higher open-circuit voltages can be observed in the corresponding devices. Finally, a top power conversion efficiency of 12.05% is achieved.
Improved performance and air stability of planar perovskite solar cells via interfacial engineering using a fullerene amine interlayer
Source:Nano Energy, Volume 28
Author(s): Jiangsheng Xie, Xuegong Yu, Xuan Sun, Jiabin Huang, Yunhai Zhang, Ming Lei, Kun Huang, Dikai Xu, Zeguo Tang, Can Cui, Deren Yang
The recent rapid rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has attracted worldwide extensive attention. However, the PSC applications are limited by their poor stability due to perovskite degradation in moisture. We used a fullerene amine interlayer in planar PSCs to reduce the interface barrier between ETL and metal electrode and also resist the moisture. The utilization of fullerene amine interlayer allowed for the enhancement of PSCs' performance, showing a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE)>17.2% with negligible hysteresis. More importantly, the air stability of PSCs with fullerene amine was improved: the unpackaged devices stored in air can keep their high performance with no obvious PCE loss in 10% humidity and >90% of the initial PCE in 45% humidity after 20 days.
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Surface engineering of ZnO electron transporting layer via Al doping for high efficiency planar perovskite solar cells
Source:Nano Energy, Volume 28
Author(s): Zong-Liang Tseng, Chien-Hung Chiang, Sheng-Hsiung Chang, Chun-Guey Wu
ZnO was known as a good electron transporting material for the planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The stability of perovskite cell based on ZnO electron transporting layer (ETL) however is not good, due to the basicity nature of ZnO, which will react with the proton on CH3NH3 + of perovskite. Doping was used successfully to modify the physicochemical properties of ZnO to improve the performance. High quality, fully covered Al doped ZnO (AZO) thin (~20nm) film on ITO substrate was successfully prepared by a sputtering method. Compared to the cell based on ZnO, perovskite cell using AZO as ETL has better stability, comparable Jsc, higher Voc and FF. The best AZO based perovskite cell achieves the highest power conversion efficiency of 17.6% with Voc of 1.07V which the highest Voc for the perovskite solar cell based on ZnO ETL. The improvement in the photovoltaic performance was due to AZO has higher conductivity, more resistance to the acid and better band matching with MAPbI3 compared to ZnO. The highly conducting and transparent AZO film was also used to replace ITO/ZnO as an anode as well as the ETL in the planer perovskite cell to achieve the PCE of 6.3%.
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Highly Efficient Fullerene-Free Polymer Solar Cells Fabricated with Polythiophene Derivative
A highly efficient fullerene-free polymer solar cell (PSC) based on PDCBT, a polythiophene derivative substituted with alkoxycarbonyl, achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency of 10.16%, which is the best result in PSCs based on polythiophene derivatives to date. In comparison with a poly(3-hexylthiophene):ITIC-based device, the photovoltaic and morphological properties of the PDCBT:ITIC-based device are carefully investigated and interpreted.
Polymer Solar Cells: High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells Based on a Wide-Bandgap Polymer Containing Pyrrolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole-5,7-dione with a Power Conversion Efficiency of 8.63% (Adv. Sci. 9/2016)
In article 1600032, an efficient new wide-bandgap polymer based on a novel moiety of pyrrolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole-5,7-dione (TZBI) is developed by Lei Ying, Feng Lui, Thomas P. Russel, Fei Huang, and co-workers. The new chemistry enables fine electronic structure tuning and solution-processed single-junction polymer solar cells provided a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 8.63%. Full electrical and structural characterization reveales that TZBI is a promising building block for the application in highly efficient organic photovoltaics.
Solution-processable MoOx nanocrystals enable highly efficient reflective and semitransparent polymer solar cells
Source:Nano Energy, Volume 28
Author(s): Lethy Krishnan Jagadamma, Hanlin Hu, Taesoo Kim, Guy O. Ngongang Ndjawa, Ahmed E. Mansour, Abdulrahman El Labban, Jorge C.D. Faria, Rahim Munir, Dalaver H. Anjum, Martyn A. McLachlan, Aram Amassian
Solution-manufacturing of organic solar cells with best-in-class power conversion efficiency (PCE) will require all layers to be solution-coated without compromising solar cell performance. To date, the hole transporting layer (HTL) deposited on top of the organic bulk heterojunction layer in the inverted architecture is most commonly an ultrathin (<10nm) metal oxide layer prepared by vacuum-deposition. Here, we show that an alcohol-based nanocrystalline MoOx suspension with carefully controlled nanocrystal (NC) size can yield state of the art reflective and semitransparent solar cells. Using NCs smaller than the target HTL thickness (∼10nm) can yield compact, pinhole-free films which result in highly efficient polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with PCE=9.5%. The solution processed HTL is shown to achieve performance parity with vacuum-evaporated HTLs for several polymer:fullerene combinations and is even shown to work as hole injection layer in polymer light emitting diodes (PLED). We also demonstrate that larger MoOx NCs (30–50nm) successfully composite MoOx with Ag nanowires (NW) to form a highly conducting, transparent top anode with exceptional contact properties. This yields state-of-the-art semitransparent polymer: fullerene solar cells with PCE of 6.5% and overall transmission >30%. The remarkable performance of reflective and semitransparent OPVs is due to the uncommonly high fill factors achieved using a carefully designed strategy for implementation of MoOx nanocrystals as HTL materials.
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Interfacial electron accumulation for efficient homo-junction perovskite solar cells
Source:Nano Energy, Volume 28
Author(s): Seulki Song, Byung Joon Moon, Maximilian T. Hörantner, Jongchul Lim, Gyeongho Kang, Min Park, Jin Young Kim, Henry J. Snaith, Taiho Park
Here we study perovskite solar cells based on mesoporous alumina scaffold infiltrated and capped with a perovskite absorber layer, which are devoid of a discrete n-type electron collection layer. We employ ethoxylated polyethylenimine (PEIE) to modify the interface between the perovskite absorber layer and the metallic transparent fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) electrode. Surprisingly, the PEIE interlayer obviates the requirement for the conventional dense-TiO2 (d-TiO2) compact layer (or organic fullerene layer), usually required to selectively extract electrons from the perovskite film. The self-organized PEIE interlayer produced a strong induced dipole moment at the perovskite-FTO interface, with our results indicating that electrons accumulate within the perovskite film at this interface. The resultant “n-type” contact region within the perovskite absorber layer, progressing to an intrinsic (i) region within the bulk of the perovskite layer, represents an n-i homojunction and favorably enables selective electron extraction at the FTO electrode. Resulting solar cells deliver current-voltage measured power conversion efficiencies (η) of over 15.0% and a substantial stabilized efficiency (η) of 9.1%. Although our solar cell performance remains lower than the highest reported efficiencies for perovskite solar cells employing discrete charge selective extraction layers, it indicates significant potential for “homo-junction” perovskite solar cells, once the metallic-to-perovskite contact is fully controlled. Additionally, our work identifies the potential impact of modifying the interface between the perovskite absorber and the subsequent contact materials with dipolar organic compounds, which may be applicable to optimizing contact at perovskite-semiconductor heterojunctions.
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A water/alcohol-soluble conjugated porphyrin small molecule as a cathode interfacial layer for efficient organic photovoltaics
DOI: 10.1039/C6TA05726H, Paper
A water/alcohol-soluble conjugated porphyrin small molecule exhibits very good ability as a cathode interfacial material in organic solar cells.
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A review of organic small molecule-based hole-transporting materials for meso-structured organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells
DOI: 10.1039/C6TA06987H, Review Article
HTMs with a planar core structure, extended-[small pi] system and electron-rich groups exhibited better intrinsic conductivity, which enhanced the photovoltaic performance.
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Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Molecularly Engineered Zn(II) phthalocyanines as Hole-Transporting Materials
Source:Nano Energy
Author(s): Kyung Taek Cho, Kasparas Rakstys, Marco Cavazzini, Simonetta Orlandi, Gianluca Pozzi, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
Amino donor groups substituted zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) BI25, BL07 and BL08, were obtained via cyclotetramerization of suitable phthalonitriles that were synthesized by Pd catalyzed amination reaction between 4-iodophthalonitrile and a selected secondary amine. The BI25, BL07 and BL08 ZnPcs were characterized using spectroscopic and electrochemical methods, and used as hole transporting layer in perovskite solar cells. The open circuit voltage (VOC) of perovskite solar cell devices reached close to 1V, and the short-circuit current density (JSC) values evaluated from J-V curves were 16.2, 8.42, and 16.9mA/cm2, respectively demonstrating influence of the HOMO levels of ZnPcs. A power conversion efficiency of 11.75%, was obtained in the case of BI25, which is the highest value ever reported using ZnPcs as HTMs in perovskite solar cells with traditional device geometry.