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02 Jun 07:31

Using a common commensal bacterium in endangered Takahe as a model to explore pathogen dynamics in isolated wildlife populations

by Zoe L. Grange, Brett D. Gartrell, Patrick J. Biggs, Nicola J. Nelson, Jonathan C. Marshall, Laryssa Howe, Matthew G.M. Balm, Nigel P. French

Abstract

Predicting and preventing outbreaks of infectious disease in endangered wildlife is problematic without an understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors that influence pathogen transmission and the genetic variation of microorganisms within and between these highly modified host communities. We used a common commensal bacterium, Campylobacter spp., in endangered Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) populations to develop a model with which to study pathogen dynamics in isolated wildlife populations connected through ongoing translocations. Takahe are endemic to New Zealand, where their total population is approximately 230 individuals. Takahe were translocated from a single remnant wild population to multiple offshore and mainland reserves. Several fragmented subpopulations are maintained and connected through regular translocations. We tested 118 Takahe from 8 locations for fecal Campylobacter spp. via culture and DNA extraction and used PCR for species assignment. Factors relating to population connectivity and host life history were explored using multivariate analytical methods to determine associations between host variables and bacterial prevalence. The apparent prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Takahe was 99%, one of the highest reported in avian populations. Variation in prevalence was evident among Campylobacter species identified. C. sp. nova 1 (90%) colonized the majority of Takahe tested. Prevalence of C. jejuni (38%) and C. coli (24%) was different between Takahe subpopulations, and this difference was associated with factors related to population management, captivity, rearing environment, and the presence of agricultural practices in the location in which birds were sampled. Modeling results of Campylobacter spp. in Takahe metapopulations suggest that anthropogenic management of endangered species within altered environments may have unforeseen effects on microbial exposure, carriage, and disease risk. Translocation of wildlife between locations could have unpredictable consequences including the spread of novel microbes between isolated populations.

El Uso de una Bacteria Comensal Común del Takahe en Peligro como un Modelo para Explorar las Dinámicas de los Patógenos en las Poblaciones de Vida Silvestre Aisladas

Resumen

Predecir y prevenir brotes de enfermedades infecciosas en la vida silvestre que se encuentra en peligro es problemático si no se tiene el entendimiento de los factores bióticos y abióticos que influyen en la trasmisión patógena y en la variación genética de los microorganismos dentro y entre estas comunidades hospederas altamente modificadas. Usamos una bacteria comensal común, Campylobacter spp., en poblaciones en peligro de Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) para desarrollar un modelo con el cual estudiar las dinámicas de los patógenos en las poblaciones aisladas de vida silvestre conectadas por medio de reubicaciones continuas. Las Takahe son endémicas de Nueva Zelanda, en donde su población total es de aproximadamente 230 individuos. Las Takahe se reubicaron de una única población silvestre remanente a múltiples reservas continentales y del litoral. Varias sub-poblaciones fragmentadas se mantienen y se conectan mediante reubicaciones regulares. Analizamos vía cultivo y extracción de ADN las excretas de 118 Takahe de ocho localidades para saber si presentaban Campylobacter spp. fecal y utilizamos PCR para la asignación de especies. Los factores relacionados con la conectividad de la población y la historia de vida del hospedero se exploraron utilizando métodos analíticos multivariados para determinar las asociaciones entre las variables de los hospederos y la prevalencia de las bacterias. La prevalencia evidente de Campylobacter spp. en los Takahe fue de 99%, una de las más altas reportadas en poblaciones de aves. La variación en la prevalencia fue evidente entre las especies identificadas de Campylobacter. C. sp. nova 1 (90%) colonizó a la mayoría de los Takahe analizados. La prevalencia de C. jejuni (38%) y C. coli (24%) fue diferente entre las sub-poblaciones de Takahe, y esta diferencia se asoció con los factores relacionados al manejo de la población, el cautiverio, ambientes posteriores y la presencia de prácticas agrícolas en la localidad en la que se muestrearon las aves. Los resultados del modelado de Campylobacter spp. en las meta-poblaciones de Takahe sugiere que el manejo antropogénico de las especies en peligro dentro de ambientes alterados puede tener efectos imprevistos sobre la exposición y carga microbiana y sobre el riesgo de enfermedad. La reubicación de vida silvestre entre localidades podría tener consecuencias impredecibles que incluyen a la diseminación de nuevos microbios entre poblaciones aisladas.

07 Aug 00:17

Comparative phylogeography and population genetic structure of three widespread mollusc species in the Mediterranean and near Atlantic

by Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, Erin McIntyre, Gonzalo Giribet

Abstract

Although several studies have evaluated the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns in many species of marine invertebrates, a general model that applies to all of them remains elusive. For example, some species present an admixture of populations with high gene flow, whereas others exhibit more complex patterns characterized by small-scale unstructured genetic heterogeneity, even at a local scale. These differences are thought to be due to clear biological aspects such as direct versus indirect development, or the presence of lecithotrophic versus planktotrophic larvae, but few studies compare animals with similar distributions and life modes. Here, we explore the phylogeographic and genetic structure patterns in two chiton (Chiton olivaceus and Lepidopleurus cajetanus) and one abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) species co-occurring in the same habitat. Samples were obtained from shallow rocky bottoms along the Iberian Peninsula (Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts), Italy, Croatia and Greece, and the mitochondrial markers COI and 16S rRNA gene were sequenced. Our data show evidence of admixture and population expansion in C. olivaceus and H. tuberculata, whereas L. cajetanus exhibited a ‘chaotic patchiness’ pattern defined by a high genetic variability with locality-exclusive haplotypes, high genetic divergence, and a lack of geographic structure. Shared haplotypes were sampled in both coasts of Iberia (for H. tuberculata) and in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean (for C. olivaceus), potentially indicating high dispersal ability and a recent expansion. The processes underlying the fine-scale structuring in L. cajetanus remain a mystery. These results are especially interesting because the reproductive mode of the two chitons is similar but differs from that of the abalone, with a veliger larva, while instead the genetic structure of C. olivaceus and H. tuberculata are similar, thus contrasting with predictions based on the life history of the three molluscs and showing that the genetic patterns of marine species may be shaped by many factors, including historical ones.