Chen Weijie

Physical changes induced in InP by H₂ plasma exposure are unveiled. Through several spectroscopy techniques, it is established that H₂ plasma exposure on InP results in the simultaneous formation of charge-inverted and depleted regions. Furthermore, coexistence of these regions on the InP surface leads to highly efficient InP solar cell.

III–V semiconductors are among the highest performing materials for solar energy conversion devices. Exposing III–V semiconductors to a hydrogen plasma can improve optoelectronic properties and is a critical step in fabricating efficient InP solar cells. However, there is a limited understanding of the changes induced by hydrogen plasma exposure to the surface and in the bulk of III–V semiconductors. Herein, it is demonstrated that a 19.3% efficient p-InP solar cell with a TiO₂ electron selective contact layer can be achieved by exposing the InP substrate to hydrogen plasma. Detailed investigations employing ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and capacitance–voltage measurement unveil that the hydrogen plasma exposure on p-InP leads to charge carrier polarity inversion in the near-surface region (charge inversion layer) while simultaneously reducing the carrier concentration (charge-depleted layer) in the bulk. The study provides important insights into the impact of hydrogen plasma exposures on InP which may lead to more efficient optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and photoelectrochemical cells.

Three fluorine-containing small molecules are designed as passivators and they are effective in passivating iodine vacancy defects on the surface/interface of perovskites. The as-fabricated CsPbI_3–x Br _x perovskite solar cells based on carbon electrodes demonstrate remarkably improved carrier-transfer capability while realizing long-term stability, which would promote the application of inorganic perovskite photovoltaics.

The fast-track development in all-inorganic perovskite photovoltaics for high efficiency are still facing the defect issues including vacancy, undercoordinated ions, and dislocation at the surface/interface of perovskite materials. Herein, three kinds of small-molecules difluorobenzylamine (DFBA) are found to act as the interfacial modification materials to stabilize and enhance the efficiency of all-inorganic carbon perovskite CsPbI_3–x Br _x solar cell. The fluorine atoms with different positions in the benzene ring are demonstrated by the density-functional theory simulations and experiments to passivate the defect at the surface/interface of perovskites, boosting the photocarrier transfer. Accordingly, the most suitable 2,6-DFBA is used to modify the perovskite to prepare hole-transporting materials-free carbon-based CsPbI_3–x Br _x (X = 0.3) perovskite solar cells, and the interface-modified device yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.6%, the open-circuit voltage is increased to 1.14 V, and the PCE of the unpackaged device remained at 92% of the initial PCE after 1680 h of storage at 20–30% air humidity.

Tandem solar cells with a simple silicon heterojunction bottom solar cell design and a p–i–n perovskite top solar cell are optimized to yield current matching with a high short-circuit current density of 19.6 mA cm⁻². Experimental measures to improve the tandem device are guided by optical simulation and in-depth spectral characterization.

Perovskite silicon tandem solar cells can overcome the efficiency limit of silicon single-junction solar cells. In two-terminal perovskite silicon tandem solar cells, current matching of subcells is an important requirement. Herein, a current-matched tandem solar cell using a planar front/ rear side-textured silicon heterojunction bottom solar cell with a p–i–n perovskite top solar cell that yields a high certified short-circuit current density of 19.6 mA cm⁻² is reported. Measures taken to improve the device are guided by optical simulation and a derived optical roadmap toward maximized tandem current density. To realize current matching of the two subcells, variation of the perovskite bandgap from ≈1.68 to 1.64 eV and thickness is investigated. Spectrometric characterization, in which current–voltage curves of tandem devices are recorded at systematically varied spectral irradiance conditions, is applied to determine the current matching point. In addition, remaining device limitations such as nonradiative recombination at the perovskite's interfaces are analyzed. Replacing the hole transport layer PTAA by 2PACz results in an overall certified power conversion efficiency of up to 26.8%. Precise simulation based on the device structure is essential as it provides efficient paths toward improving the device efficiency.

The Si/GeO₂ spectrally selective splitter/absorber can realize desirable spectral splitting and absorption performance. The designed hybrid photovoltaic thermal system equipped with the Si/GeO₂ splitter/absorber and a spiro-OMeTAD-based perovskite cell demonstrates enhanced total electrical efficiency of 29.3%.

Integrating photovoltaic (PV) perovskite solar cells and photothermal (PT) collectors into a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) is a promising method to further improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy via salvaging the near-infrared energy. Herein, a 1D photonic crystal of Si/GeO₂ to construct a spectrally selective PV–PT splitter that selectively reflects solar energy in the PV band while absorbing the rest is utilized. The fabricated PV–PT splitter reveals a considerable reflectance of 92.3% in the PV band, a comprehensive absorptance of 52.1% in the PT band, as well as good angular independence over a wide incident range of 0–70°. The hybrid PVT design with the Si/GeO₂ spectral splitter/absorber and a perovskite solar cell (PSC) acquires a solar-to-electrical efficiency of 29.3% higher than the single PSC (24.6%). In addition, the temperature of PSCs in the hybrid PVT design under 1 kW m⁻² solar irradiation can be significantly reduced by 15 °C owing to suppression of ineffectively converted incident photons on the PV cells. This appealing strategy highlights a new avenue for further enhancing the total electrical efficiency via broadening the utilization of the entire solar spectrum in the hybrid PVT design integrated with wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells.

Lead-free halide double perovskites (A₂B⁺B³⁺X₆) are booming as attractive alternatives to lead halide perovskites for photovoltaics. This review summarizes various attractive double perovskites, highlights the fundamental challenges in material properties and device fabrication that limit high-efficiency photovoltaics, and describes the promising approaches and views to overcome these bottlenecks.

Lead-free halide double perovskites (HDPs) with a chemical formula of A₂B⁺B³⁺X₆ are booming as attractive alternatives to solve the toxicity issue of lead-based halide perovskites (APbX₃). HDPs show excellent stability, a wide range of possible combinations, and attractive optoelectronic features. Although a number of novel HDPs have been studied, the power conversion efficiency of the state-of-the-art double perovskite solar cell is still far inferior to that of the dominant Pb-based ones. Understanding the fundamental challenges is essential for further increasing device efficiency. In this review, HDPs with attractive electronic and optical properties are focused on, and current challenges in material properties and device fabrication that limit high-efficiency photovoltaics are analyzed. Finally, the promising approaches and views to overcome these bottlenecks are highlighted.

Two small molecule acceptors with 2D 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) side chains are designed for efficient polymer solar cells. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.78% and 15.87% are achieved for binary devices based on the fluorinated and chlorinated acceptors, respectively. Incorporating the fluorinated BTP-EDOT-4F as the third component, a champion PCE of 18.56% is achieved in ternary devices.

Abstract

A desired morphology is essential for achieving efficient polymer solar cells. Donors and acceptors with appropriate crystallization can lead to a suitable phase-separated morphology for effective photocurrent generation process. Inspired by the success of Y6 acceptors and the 2D side chain engineering on popular polymer donors and small molecule acceptors, the usage of unique 2D 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) side chains on Y6 to regulate its crystallinity, compatibility, and thus the related blend morphology is explored. In this study, two molecules of BTP-EDOT-4F and BTP-EDOT-4Cl with such unique 2D EDOT side chains are designed and synthesized. Due to the advantage of EDOT side chain, when these molecules are blended with PM6, the decent power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.78% and 15.87% are obtained. Furthermore, BTP-EDOT-4F is selected as the third component and added into PM6:L8-BO binary system to form ternary blends. The optimized crystallinity, compatibility, and morphology of such ternary blend are discovered in the presence of BTP-EDOT-4F, which enables efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport as well as decreased recombination, resulting in higher short circuit current density (J _sc) and fill factor. Finally, the outstanding PCE of 18.56% is achieved in ternary blends containing PM6, L8-BO, and BTP-EDOT-4F.

The multi-length scale morphology and morphology evolution of a high-efficiency ternary polymer:nonfullerene blend under different blade coating conditions is probed in real-time with in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The relationship between film morphology and film formation kinetics is understood in-depth. This study helps understand morphology formation and provides guidance for morphology optimization of organic electronics.

Abstract

Characterizing the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology of the active layer is essential for optimizing blade-coated organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, the morphology evolution of a highly efficient ternary polymer:nonfullerene blend PM6:N3:N2200 under different blade coating conditions is probed in real-time by in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering and in situ ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Besides, the morphology of blade-coated blend films at different conditions is detailed by ex situ X-ray scattering and microscopic imaging. The ternary blend film exhibited optimized morphology, such as superior molecular stacking structure and appropriate phase separation structure, and boosted photovoltaic performance of the binary blend, as adding a second polymer component to the host polymer:nonfullerene system can balance nucleation and crystallization of polymers and small molecules, facilitating molecular rearrangement to perfect crystallization. Both binary and ternary blends obtained optimized morphology and photovoltaic properties at medium coating speed, mainly attributed to the movement of the polymer and small molecules at the long crystallization and aggregation stage. These findings help understand morphology formation under film drying and provide guidance for optimizing the morphology in blade-coated OSCs.

Ionic liquid methylammonium acetate and bathocuproine are used to modify wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells and small-bandgap organic solar cells, respectively, enabling n–i–p structure perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 22.43% (21.42% certified).

Abstract

Monolithic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (POTSCs) have attracted increasing attention owing to ability to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit. However, compromised sub-cells performance limits the tandem device performance, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of POTSCs is still lower than their single-junction counterparts. Therefore, optimized sub-cells with minimal energy loss are desired for producing high-efficiency POTSCs. In this study, an ionic liquid, methylammonium acetate (MAAc), is used to modify wide-bandgap perovskite sub-cells (WPSCs), and bathocuproine (BCP) is used to modify small-bandgap organic solar cells. The Ac⁻ group of MAAc can effectively heal the Pb defects in the all-inorganic perovskite film, which enables a high PCE of 17.16% and an open-circuit voltage (V _oc) of 1.31 V for CsPbI_2.2Br_0.8-based WPSCs. Meanwhile, the BCP film, inserted at the ZnO/organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) interface, acts as a space layer to prevent direct contact between ZnO and the BHJ while passivating the surface defects of ZnO, thereby mitigating ZnO defect-induced efficiency loss. As a result, PM6:CH1007-based SOSCs exhibit a PCE of 15.46%. Integrating these modified sub-cells enable the fabrication of monolithic n–i–p structured POTSCs with a maximum PCE of 22.43% (21.42% certified), which is one of the highest efficiencies in such type of POTSCs.

The effects of methylthio-based position isomerism on hole transport materials are examined from theoretical simulations to experimental characterization. Better planar configurations and tighter molecular stacking confer superior interfacial interactions and hole coupling between molecules in the hole-transporting material. It holds promise to help produce efficient and long-term stable perovskite solar cells.

Abstract

Hole transporting materials (HTMs) are imperative for promoting the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, three isomers of RQ4, RQ5, and RQ6 are constructed by methylthio (-SMe) group in the para, meta, and adjacent sites of terminal benzene on the side-chain of carbazole-arylamine derivatives based HTMs, and investigated by means of the theoretical simulation and experimental characterization. As a result of the theoretical simulation, the isomeric HTMs of RQ4-RQ6 exhibit appropriate highest occupied molecular orbital /lowest unoccupied molecular orbital  energy levels and good optical properties. However, by comparison with RQ4 and RQ5, a better planar configuration and closer molecular stacking for RQ6 may be beneficial to promote the hole coupling, interface interaction, and charge transfer at perovskite/HTMs interface. In order to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model, the designed RQ4-RQ6 are synthesized to be used to assemble PSCs devices. In comparison to isomers RQ4 (20.07%) and RQ5 (18.18%) based devices, the RQ6 based devices has higher power conversion efficiency of 21.03% because of its high hole mobility, the film formation ability, and large charge transfer at perovskite/HTMs interface. The experimental results confirm the reliability of the theoretical simulation and provide an effective strategy to obtain potential HTMs through isomerization of side-chain functional groups.

Aniline sulfonic acid with dual sites is utilized to cure excess/unreacted lead iodide in perovskite films. The introduction of additives can induce a uniform growth of perovskite seeds on the substrate, which aids the growth of high-quality and uniform perovskite films. The fabricated perovskite photovoltaics deliver maximum power conversion efficiency of 24.09% (0.09 cm²) and 20.87% (16 cm²), respectively.

Abstract

Unreacted/excess lead iodide is considered to be the archcriminal for the rapid degradation of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Meanwhile, a high-quality perovskite film with uniform and large grain size is the basis for high-performance perovskite modules. Herein, a dual-site molecular additive 4-Aniline Sulfonic Acid (4A) is developed to regulate the unreacted/excess PbI₂ and passivate defects through hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interactions between amino, and a sulfate groups and PbI₂, respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of the 4A additive can induce perovskite seeds to grow uniformly on the substrate, yielding dense, uniform and defect-less perovskite films with large grain sizes. This enables the fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 24.09% (0.09 cm²) and 20.87% (16 cm²), respectively. This work demonstrated a new strategy to deposit high-quality large-scale perovskite films for photovoltaic modules.

Disordered preaggregation in liquid state during environmentally friendly printing of organic solar cells significantly limits device performance based on nonfullerene acceptors. Molecular side-chain engineering can effectively tune this disordered preaggregation in liquid state, leading to enhanced crystallization with preferential face on molecular orientation, more efficient exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport, and finally good upscaling potential.

Abstract

The current power conversion efficiencies of laboratory-sized organic solar cells (OSCs), based on the spin-coating process with halogenated solvents, have exceeded 19%. Environmentally friendly printing is needed to bridge the gap between laboratory and industrialization by being compatible with roll-to-roll large-area production. Here, the molecular design rules are revealed for enhancing the green printing potential of the state-of-the-art photovoltaic martial systems by investigating the detailed structure formation dynamic and the key determining factors. By comparing two model systems based on D18:Y6 and D18:BTP-eC9, it is found that disordered preaggregation in liquid state can result in over-sized domains with reduced crystallinity and disordered molecular orientation, which significantly limits device performance. By systematically tuning the length of the inner alkyl side chains with multiple Y-series materials, the authors demonstrate that molecular side-chain engineering can effectively supress the detrimental disordered preaggregation in liquid state during environmentally friendly printing process, leading to enhanced crystallization with preferential faceon molecular orientation, more efficient exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport, and finally high upscaling potential. The work provides deeper insights into molecular engineering and structure formation dynamics toward environmentally friendly production of OSCs.

A rigorous photo-electric simulation is conducted for transport layer-free homojunction perovskite solar cells to clarify their design principles and working mechanisms by investigating a series of structural/electrical parameters of n-perovskite and p-perovskite, and uncover the underlying physical behavior by addressing the ion migration and photon recycling effects. A clear route map for the promotion of device efficiency is proposed.

Abstract

Although the conventional n-i-p or p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can produce ultrahigh efficiency (>25%), complex synthesis/deposition processes together with strict requirements for preparing the hole- and electron-transport layers (HTLs and ETLs) pose a challenge to accessing low-cost perovskite devices. To address this issue, a simple strategy of employing a self-doped perovskite homojunction to replace the HTLs and ETLs has been widely proposed. However, this type of TL-free homojunction PSCs is usually endowed with poor efficiency. Here, the design principles and working mechanisms of the TL-free homojunction PSCs are clarified via a rigorous photoelectric simulation. The potential of this type of device is unlocked by optimizing the structural/electrical parameters including thickness, doping concentration, bulk/interface defect concentration, contact barrier, and mobility of n-perovskite and p-perovskite. To further uncover the intrinsic physical behavior, ion migration, and photon recycling effects on this type of TL-free homojunction PSCs are also studied. In addition, devices with different types of structures including TL-free inverted, ETL-free, and HTL-free designs are briefly discussed. Finally, a clear roadmap for the promotion of device efficiency is proposed, providing valuable guidance for designing high-efficient TL-free homojunction PSCs.

A double-bulk heterojunction active layer structure for organic solar cell (OSC) is constructed by sequential deposition of a PM6:L8-BO blend on top of a D18-Cl:BTP-eC9 blend, in which the optimal morphology of the two binary blends were retained with a vertical phase separation, resulting in a record PCE of 19.61%.

Abstract

Constructing tandem and multi-blend organic solar cells (OSCs) is an effective way to overcome the absorption limitations of conventional single-junction devices. However, these methods inevitably require tedious multilayer deposition or complicated morphology-optimization procedures. Herein, sequential deposition is utilized as an effective and simple method to fabricate multicomponent OSCs with a double-bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure of the active layer to further improve photovoltaic performance. Two efficient donor-acceptor pairs, D18-Cl:BTP-eC9 and PM6:L8-BO, are sequentially deposited to form the D18-Cl:BTP-eC9/PM6:L8-BO double-BHJ active layer. In these double-BHJ OSCs, light absorption is significantly improved, and optimal morphology is also retained without requiring a more complicated morphology optimization involved in quaternary blends. Compared to the quaternary blend devices, energy loss (E_loss) is also reduced by rationally matching each donor with an appropriate acceptor. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved from 18.25% for D18-Cl:BTP-eC9 and 18.69% for PM6:L8-BO based binary blend OSCs to 19.61% for the double-BHJ OSCs. In contrast, a D18-Cl:PM6:L8-BO:BTP-eC9 quaternary blend of OSCs exhibited a dramatically reduced PCE of 15.83%. These results demonstrate that a double-BHJ strategy, with a relatively simple processing procedure, can potentially enhance the device performance of OSCs and lead to more widespread use.

Star-shaped donor-acceptor-donor structure with 3,5-dicarbonitrile pyridine core has been developed as an efficient design strategy towards high performance green-solvent processable dopant-free hole transporting materials (HTMs). The resulting BTP1 HTM processed by the green solvent 2-methylanisole, a kind of food additive, shows an impressive efficiency of 24.34 % based on inverted perovskite solar cells.

Abstract

The commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) urgently requires the development of green-solvent processable dopant-free hole transporting materials (HTMs). However, strong intermolecular interactions that ensure high hole mobility always compromise the solubility and film-forming ability in green solvents. Herein, we show a simple but effective design strategy to solve this trade-off, that is, constructing star-shaped D-A-D structure. The resulting HTMs (BTP1-2) can be processed by green solvent of 2-methylanisole (2MA), a kind of food additive, and show high hole mobility and multiple defect passivation effects. An impressive efficiency of 24.34 % has been achieved for 2MA-processed BTP1 based inverted PVSCs, the highest value for green-solvent processable HTMs so far. Moreover, it is manifested that the charge separation of D-A type HTMs at the photoinduced excited state can help to passivate the defects of perovskites, indicating a new HTM design insight.

Publication date: April 2023

Source: Nano Energy, Volume 108

Author(s): Jindan Zhang, Chi Li, Mengqi Zhu, Junming Qiu, Yisi Yang, Lu Li, Shicheng Tang, Zhenghong Li, Ziwen Mao, Zhibing Cheng, Shengchang Xiang, Xiaoliang Zhang, Zhangjing Zhang

Publication date: April 2023

Source: Nano Energy, Volume 108

Author(s): Chenxin Ran, Xin Liu, Weiyin Gao, Mingjie Li, Zhongbin Wu, Yingdong Xia, Yonghua Chen

Publication date: 15 February 2023

Source: Joule, Volume 7, Issue 2

Author(s): Yeyong Wu, Guiying Xu, Jiachen Xi, Yunxiu Shen, Xiaoxiao Wu, Xiaohua Tang, Junyuan Ding, Heyi Yang, Qinrong Cheng, Ziyuan Chen, Yaowen Li, Yongfang Li

Nature Communications, Published online: 16 January 2023; doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35842-4

Publication date: 15 February 2023

Source: Joule, Volume 7, Issue 2

Author(s): Jung Hwan Lee, SunJe Lee, Taehee Kim, Hyungju Ahn, Gyu Yong Jang, Kwang Hee Kim, Yoon Jun Cho, Kan Zhang, Ji-Sang Park, Jong Hyeok Park

The interplay between spacer and small cations in Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskite significantly influences the crystallization kinetics and optoelectronic properties. The formamidium (FA)-based DJ perovskites demonstrate slower phase conversion and smaller octahedral tilting compared to methylammonium-based analogues, achieving preferable phase orientation and improved efficiency of 15.34% for BDAFA₂Pb₃I₁₀ perovskite solar cell, the highest among FA-based low-n DJ series.

2D halide perovskites have displayed wide tunability in structure and physicochemical properties through the diversity and versatility of interlayer spacers. However, the interaction between the large spacer and small cation inside the inorganic framework has not been elucidated yet. Herein, the impact of small-organic cation on the crystallization kinetics, carrier behavior, and the structure distortion of the low-dimensional Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskite materials and solar cells is systematically studied. The formamidium (FA)-based DJ film exhibits higher crystal orientation and larger crystal domain induced by slower crystallization as compared to methylammonium-based one, accompanied with lower trap density, more efficient carrier transfer, and higher photovoltaic performance. As a result, the BDAFA₂Pb₃I₁₀ perovskite solar cell delivers a champion power conversion efficiency up to 15.34%, which is the highest among FA-based small-n DJ series. Theoretical simulation results uncover that the smaller tilting and higher rigidity of the octahedra in the FA-based DJ systems render more outstanding environmental stability, leading to well-maintained 85% of its efficiency after prolonged storing time of 1020 h at 65 °C.

This study suggests that the general use of phenethylamine-based interlayers results in the degradation of perovskite. Focusing on these degradation mechanisms, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a breakthrough in preventing direct contact between perovskite (PVK) and phenethylamine halides (PEAX). The PMMA/PEAX double interlayer is effective for both stability and efficiency of the perovskite solar cell, and heat treatment (PMMA/H-PEABr) maximizes overall performance.

Phenethylamine (PEA) halides (X) coated on perovskite (PVK) films are widely known as passivating layers, resulting in high performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, critical stability issues associated with phenethylamine halides (PEAX) in PSCs are observed, especially with Spiro-OMeTAD, which prevented its practical use. Here, the mechanism by which PEAX negatively affects PSCs is reported. In addition, a method is devised to overcome the stability issue by employing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the PVK/PEABr interface to form dual PMMA/PEABr interlayers. Contrary to the general use of PEABr, the indirect contact of PEABr with PVK films by PMMA resulted in superior power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and enhanced stability resulting from the retention of dipole moments even under aging. Further, effective methods of maximizing and retaining the dipole effect by heating PMMA/PEAX, as opposed to PSCs incorporating PEAX without PMMA being negatively affected by heat are exploited. The resulting PSCs with PMMA/heated PEABr exhibit a PCE of 21.63%, and retain 95% of their original performance a month after fabrication.

A versatile coupling agent di(dioctylpyrophosphato) ethylene titanate is used to modify the nickel oxide films, leading to reduced trap density, inhibited nonradiative recombination, strengthened charge transfer, and mitigated interface reaction in organic–inorganic halide perovskite polycrystalline thin films, which distinctly improve the device efficiency and moisture stability of inverted perovskite solar cells.

In recent years, nickel oxide (NiO _x ) is widely used as an excellent hole transport layer for the inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), due to its decent hole conductivity, easy processability, and low cost. However, the photovoltaic performance and stability of NiO _x -based PSCs are severely limited by the poor perovskite/NiO _x interface. Herein, a versatile coupling agent di(dioctylpyrophosphato) ethylene titanate (NDZ-311) is introduced to improve the performance of NiO _x -based inverted PSCs by suppressing nonradiative recombination and strengthening charge transfer at the perovskite/NiO _x interface. Moreover, the chemical reaction between NDZ-311 and NiO _x reduces the surface hydroxyl groups of NiO _x film and avoids direct contact between perovskite and NiO _x film, which mitigate material degradation caused by high-valence Ni ions and hydroxyl groups. As a result, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted PSCs is enhanced from ≈18.01% to ≈19.92% and a maximum PCE of ≈20.39% is obtained. The unencapsulated PSC with NDZ-311 modification maintains 87.65% of their initial performance after 400 h aging test in air, much better than the control device (49.41% after 400 h). The work demonstrates the potential application of NDZ-311 for commercial PSCs, considering NDZ-311 is a cheap industrial material.