Chen Weijie

ITO nanoparticles (INPs) with abundant ─OH groups are introduced to promote the uniform self-assembly of SAM molecules in inverted PSCs. The assembly of SAM can also be reinforced due to the strongly bonded ─OH groups on INPs, inhibiting its desorption during solvent rinsing and long-term aging. Resulting PSCs show high efficiency of 26.44% with good operational stability under ISOS-L-2 protocol, retaining, retaining ≈91% of initial efficiency after MPP tracking for 1000 h at 85 °C.

Abstract

Recently, inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show rapidly improved efficiency with the use of self-assembled molecules (SAM). However, device stability remains a challenge due to the easy desorption of the SAM molecule. Here, functionalized indium tin oxide nanoparticles (INPs) are introduced to promote and reinforce the self-assembly of SAM on the substrate. INPs contain abundant ─OH groups to uniformly anchor SAM molecules. Importantly, different from traditional physically absorbed and easy-desorbed ─OH in ITO substrate, the ─OH groups on INPs are stably bonded, resistant to solvent rinsing and long-term aging, thus inhibiting SAM desorption during device aging. As a result, PSCs with INPs exhibit high efficiency of 26.44% with good operational stability under ISOS-L-2 protocol, retaining ∼≈91% of initial efficiency after maximum power point (MPP) tracking with continuous illumination at 85 °C.

A phosphate-buffered strategy stabilizes the chemical environment of SnO₂ colloids, suppressing aggregation and maintaining surface equilibrium. The optimized PSCs achieve a 26.4% PCE and retain over 99% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of continuous MPP tracking.

Abstract

SnO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) solutions are considered a highly efficient inks for fabricating electron transport layers in state-of-the-art solution-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, SnO₂ colloids exhibit thermodynamic instability in aqueous solution due to strong van der Waals attractions between nanoparticles, often leading to aggregation and precipitation. Here, a phosphate-buffered synthesis strategy is reported that effectively stabilizes SnO₂ colloids. The phosphate buffer maintains a stable pH during synthesis, dynamically regulating the electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles to suppress aggregation and promote homogeneous dispersion. This method enables precise control over surface hydroxyl groups and oxygen vacancies in the resulting SnO₂ films, facilitating efficient electron transport and reducing interfacial recombination. As a result, PSCs achieve a high power convertion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% while demonstrating exceptional operational stability. The encapsulated device maintains 99%, 84%, and 95% of their initial efficiency under ISOS-L-1, ISOS-L-2, and ISOS-O-1 protocols, respectively. Furthermore, a perovskite solar module (5 cm × 5 cm) with an active area of 12.6 cm² delivers an impressive PCE of 23.11%. These results highlight the scalability and practical viability of the strategy for developing large-area, high-performance photovoltaic modules.

Self-healing hydrophobic coating (SHC), constructed from supramolecular polymer embedded with SiO₂ nanoparticles, serves as a moisture barrier while directing perovskite crystallization. Flexible devices incorporating SHC achieve a record efficiency of 26.38% (25.74% certified) and demonstrate exceptional durability, retaining over 80% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h at 85% relative humidity and satisfying the IPX7 waterproofing standard under full immersion.

Abstract

Flexible perovskite solar cells (pero-SCs) are promising candidates to complement silicon photovoltaics; however, their stability remains far below industrial standards, particularly under long-term moisture exposure caused by water permeation through permeable plastic substrates. Although conventional hydrophobic interlayers can block water, they are generally incompatible with polar perovskite precursor solutions and are thus unsuitable for use beneath perovskite films. Here, a self-healing hydrophobic coating (SHC) is introduced that integrates a supramolecular polymer with dynamic imine cross-linking and SiO₂ nanoparticles as a buried interfacial barrier. The SHC combines strong hydrophobicity, a low water vapor transmission rate, and exceptional self-healing ability, preserving its protective function even after surface treatment and perovskite deposition. Beyond suppressing moisture permeation, the SHC interacts with PbI₂ to modulate the orientation of PbI₂ layers, thus directing perovskite crystallization toward compact stacking, reduced residual PbI₂, and preferential crystal orientation. Consequently, SHC-modified flexible pero-SCs achieve a record efficiency of 26.38% (25.74% certified) and 24.80% for small-area (0.062 cm²) and large-area (1.004 cm²) devices. The devices also demonstrate outstanding stability, maintaining 81.18% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h at 85% relative humidity and passing the IPX7 waterproofing standard under complete immersion.

Rational control of photoactive film morphology is crucial for scalable organic solar cells. This study introduces a magnetic-field-assisted printing strategy to enhance the intermolecular interactions and guide molecular stacking. This method improves film homogeneity, minimizes defects, and reduces performance loss, offering a universal approach for printing high-quality photoactive films and multi-parameter optimization in organic electronics.

Abstract

The photovoltaic performance and stability of scalable organic solar cells (OSCs) are significantly governed by the micromorphology, molecular interactions, and stacking behavior of the active layer. As the device area increases, these effects are amplified, making long-range morphological control of small-molecule acceptors challenging and frequently leading to performance degradation. Herein, a non-contact and size-insensitive magnetic-field-assisted printing strategy is developed, which modulates the chemical environment of molecular end groups during film formation and enhances intermolecular interactions, thereby regulating the molecular stacking behavior. These collectively improve the film homogeneity, reduce the defect density, and minimize the performance loss in large-area devices. Finally, the optimal pseudo-planar heterojunction OSCs, fabricated via air atmosphere printing, achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.23%. Furthermore, large-area binary modules with an aperture area of 25.00 cm² retain an optimized PCE of 16.70%, underscoring their strong potential for scalable production. Overall, this work proposes a universal approach for printing high-quality photoactive films and provides a valuable framework for the collaborative optimization of organic electronic devices.

A platinum-complex-based non-fullerene acceptor (PtHD) is developed, featuring enhanced planarity and rigidity that suppress exciton–vibration coupling. Pt coordination increases the dipole moment and polarizability, boosting the dielectric constant. The resulting D18/L8-BO:PtHD ternary device achieves reduced energy loss (E_loss) and efficient exciton dissociation, delivering a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.52%.

Abstract

Excessive energy loss (E _loss) remains a primary bottleneck limiting further efficiency improvements in organic solar cells (OSCs). Mitigating energy losses is therefore a key prerequisite for advancing organic photovoltaic technologies. Rational acceptor molecular design that modulates the dielectric constant and exciton-vibration coupling of the active layer has emerged as a particularly promising route to achieving this goal. Herein, a platinum-complex-based non-fullerene acceptor (PtHD) is designed and synthesized. The molecule features high planarity and backbone rigidity, which effectively suppresses exciton-vibration coupling. Integrating the Pt coordination unit amplifies the molecular dipole moment and polarizability, consequently enhancing the dielectric constant of the active layer. A binary device based on D18/PtHD achieves a high open-circuit voltage of 0.938 V with a reduced E _loss of 0.525 eV. Building on this achievement, by introducing PtHD as a guest component into the D18/L8-BO system and employing a layer-by-layer deposition strategy to control the vertical distribution, the ternary device demonstrates an minimized E _loss and superior exciton separation, culminating in a remarkably high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.52%. This work highlights the crucial role of metal-complex acceptors in managing energy loss and charge dynamics, thus providing a molecular design paradigm to develop highly efficient organic photovoltaics.

In this work, we report a dimeric acceptor, DY-TXT, with a TADF bridging unit. It features a small ΔE _ST (∼0.1 eV), which suppresses triplet exciton loss and enables triplet recycling. The resulting ternary OSC achieves a low energy loss of 0.194 eV and a high 20.85% efficiency.

Abstract

The relatively high non-radiative energy loss has become a major limiting factor for improving the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), with triplet exciton formation being a primary source. Narrowing the energy gap between the first singlet and triplet excited states (ΔE _ST) in low-bandgap acceptors is considered an effective strategy to mitigate this issue. In this work, we design and synthesize a dimeric acceptor, DY-TXT, utilizing a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecule as the bridging unit. This novel structure exhibits a higher photoluminescence quantum yield and a significantly reduced ΔE _ST (∼0.1 eV) compared to conventional nonfullerene acceptors. When incorporated into the D18:L8-BO host system, DY-TXT enhances the electroluminescence quantum efficiency and markedly suppresses triplet exciton generation, thereby reducing energy loss via triplet states. The small ΔE _ST also facilitates reverse intersystem crossing process, enabling recycling of triplet excitons. Consequently, the resulting ternary device achieves a low non-radiative energy loss of 0.194 eV and an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 20.85%. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for suppressing triplet-mediated energy losses and provides a promising avenue for advancing the performance of OSCs.

Nature Communications, Published online: 12 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66480-7

The underlying strategies to tackle A-site inhomogeneity of Rb-alloyed wide bandgap perovskites remain under investigation. Here, authors incorporate a melamine additive as a phase uniformity regulator, achieving stabilized efficiency of 33.5% for two-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Nature, Published online: 11 December 2025; doi:10.1038/d41586-025-03806-x

Perovskites are promising materials for solar cells. A layer of dipolar molecules at the perovskite surface improves the efficiency of these devices.

Nature Photonics, Published online: 24 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01797-9

Formation of a near-phase-pure two-dimensional perovskite at the buried interface of perovskite solar cells enables improved crystallization and defect passivation, resulting in devices with a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.02%. Ninety-five per cent of the initial PCE is maintained after 1,000 hours of operation.

Nature Photonics, Published online: 24 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01808-9

The additive molecule DHHB enables UV shielding, chemical passivation and strain regulation at the buried interface of perovskite solar cells. Small-area devices achieve a power conversion efficiency of 26.47%, 96% of which is maintained after 1,132 h of continuous operation.

Nature Energy, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41560-025-01906-6

Ionic liquid additives increase the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, but their effect on perovskite crystallization remains unclear. Xu et al. provide mechanistic insights and demonstrate improved operational stability under continous illumination and 90 °C thermal stress.

Nature Energy, Published online: 05 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41560-025-01919-1

Traditional fullerene-based electron transport layers in tin perovskite solar cells are costly and limit power conversion efficiency. Tianpeng Li et al. report low-cost fluorinated polymers as alternatives, achieving a certified 14.51% efficiency on 1-cm2 devices.

Isomerization engineering is applied to design and synthesize carbazole-based SAMs. Benefiting from enhanced dipole moment, optimized energy alignment, and robust interfacial anchoring by isomeric SAMs, PPACz-based inverted PSCs achieved an impressive PCE of 26.1% with enhanced stability.

Abstract

Carbazole-based SAMs show great promise as interfacial modifiers in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Their large dipole moments and covalent binding capabilities suppress charge recombination and enhance device stability. We designed two isomeric carbazole SAMs (EPACz and PPACz) by adjusting the phenyl ring position. PPACz exhibits a higher dipole moment (2.60 D versus 1.77 D for EPACz) and a narrower HOMO-LUMO gap (2.39 eV), enabling superior hole extraction. PPACz-based devices achieved an excellent PCE of 26.1% (versus 22.0% for EPACz), with 23.5% efficiency for 1 cm² devices. The stronger tridentate anchoring of PPACz to ITO (compared with EPACz) improves interfacial stability. Unencapsulated devices retained over 90% of their initial efficiency after 540 h, demonstrating exceptional durability. This work provides key insights for designing high-performance SAMs in perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature Energy, Published online: 12 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41560-025-01902-w

Atomic disorder limits the performance of kesterite solar cells. Jinlin Wang et al. introduce surface vacancy defects via magnesium doping, which reduces cation disorder and charge losses, enabling a certified efficiency of 14.9%.

Nature, Published online: 12 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09681-w

Silicon solar cells with hybrid interdigitated back contacts have a power conversion efficiency approaching 95% of the theoretical limit and a fill factor approaching 98% of the theoretical limit.

A trifluoromethoxy-functionalized biguanide cation strategy is proposed to strengthen the durability of the electron-selective layer and interface via rich coordination and hydrogen bonds. By this strategy, declined interface defects, facilitated perovskite crystallization, and ameliorated energy band alignment are accomplished. The air-processed TOPBCl-modified devices fulfil a power conversion efficiency of 25.79% along with excellent operational stability, maintaining 90.04% of their initial efficiencies after 927 h of continuous operation.

Abstract

The poor stability of the electron-selective layer (ESL) and buried interface hampers the realization of long-term operationally stable air-processed n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, ESL and the buried interface are stabilized through a trifluoromethoxy-functionalized biguanide cation strategy. The multisite 1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] biguanide hydrochloride (TOPBCl) is pre-embedded in SnO₂ nanoparticles to fulfil simultaneous manipulation of both ESL and buried interface. The rich chemical bonds are formed at the buried interface by the synergy of trifluoromethoxy and biguanide cation, accomplishing a chemical bridge between ESL and perovskite layer, which enables dropped interface defects, facilitates perovskite crystallization, and ameliorates energy band alignment. Owing to saliently suppressed interfacial non-radiative recombination, the TOPBCl-modified PSCs achieve an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.79%, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for air-processed PSCs. Benefiting from reinforced longevity of ESL and buried interface, the unencapsulated TOPBCl-modulated devices demonstrate superior operational stability, maintaining 90.04% of their initial PCE after 927 h of continuous maximum power point tracking at 40 ± 5°C. This study provides a biguanide cation functionalization strategy to synchronously stabilize ESL and interface for realizing high-performance air-processed PSCs.

Pressure-modulated molecular stacking strategy is employed to fabricate high-performance thick-film pseudo-planar heterojunction organic solar cells, which can effectively enhance crystallization and regulate fluid confinement depth, thereby optimizing donor/acceptor inter-penetration to extend exciton diffusion length (from ≈ 26.5 to ≈ 40.3 nm). Thus, the optimal devices achieve champion (PCE)s of 20.20% (100 nm) and 19.27% (300 nm, certified as 18.88%).

Abstract

Thick-film (>300 nm) organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their compatibility with large-scale industrial production. However, the inherently short exciton diffusion length (L _D) of organic semiconductors severely restricts exciton diffusion to the interface in the larger donor/acceptor (D/A) domains, thereby impeding the photovoltaic performance, especially open circuit voltage and fill factor for the commercialized thick-film OSCs. Herein, a pressure-modulated molecular stacking (PMMS) strategy is employed to enhance crystallization and regulate fluid confinement depth (the grating depth of imprinted PM6) by controlling the imprinting pressure, thereby optimizing D/A inter-penetration with favorable vertical phase separation morphology. This strategy can significantly extend L _D (from ≈ 26.5 to ≈ 40.3 nm) to facilitate efficient exciton diffusion and carrier transport by enhancing ordered molecular stacking. Consequently, the best devices achieve one of the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCE)s of 20.20% (100 nm) and 19.27% (300 nm, certified as 18.88%), respectively, while the large-area module (16.94 cm²) exhibits an impressive PCE of 17.01% for D18/BTP-eC9:L8-BO ternary system via blade-coating technology. This work provides a valuable approach to extending L _D by constructing favorable vertical phase separation morphology for achieving large-scale high-efficiency thick-film OSCs.

In situ polymerized P-AMPS networks isolate perovskite grains, mitigating light-induced stress and strain accumulation. The resulting devices achieve 25.78% efficiency with significantly enhanced photomechanical stability.

Abstract

The long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a major challenge, particularly due to photomechanical instability caused by light-induced lattice dynamics. In this study, an in situ polymerization strategy is developed using the monomer 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (AMPS), which polymerizes during the annealing process of perovskite films to form a soft, cross-linked polymer (P-AMPS). The polymer acts as a grain boundary spacer, enabling physical spatial isolation between perovskite grains. This structure effectively mitigates light-induced lattice expansion and stress/strain accumulation, while suppressing ion migration and strain-induced defect evolution. Systematic experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate that P-AMPS enhances film quality and lattice integrity, while significantly improving the photomechanical stability of perovskite film. Methylamine-free PSC fabricated using this approach achieved a power conversion efficiency of 25.78%. Following the ISOS-L-1 protocol, the P-AMPS-based device retained 83.52% of its initial maximum power point efficiency after 1500 h of continuous illumination. The grain spatial isolation strategy based on in situ polymerization offers a novel design concept for the commercialization of PSCs.

Strong aromatic conjugated ammonium salt (PyPAI) spacers spontaneously form self-assembled columnar stacks via synergistic cation-π and π–π interactions. This simultaneously regulates crystallization and establishes a continuous charge transport pathway through a robust π-conjugated network, overcoming dielectric confinement. Resultant 2D/3D PSCs achieve 26.41% efficiency with enhanced stability.

Abstract

2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions exhibit simultaneous improvement of efficiency and stability to meet commercial applications. However, dielectric confinement and an intrinsically uncontrollable crystallization process in 2D perovskites typically lead to large exciton binding energies and poor film quality, hindering charge dissociation, carrier transport, and ultimately device performance. Here, a strong aromatic conjugated ammonium salt spacer (PyPAI) that can spontaneously form self-assembled columnar stacks via synergistic cation-π and π–π interactions is introduced, thereby simultaneously regulating crystal growth and enhancing charge transfer for high performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The in situ generated 2D perovskite phases effectively modulate nucleation and crystallization kinetics, yielding superior films with vertically oriented crystals and reduced grain boundary density. Concurrently, the robust aromatic π-conjugated network establishes continuous energy bands, enabling highly efficient carrier shuttling between the inorganic Pb-I framework and the cationic organic layers. Consequently, PyPAI-optimized PSCs achieve a remarkable PCE of 26.41% with superior environmental and operational stability.

Triphenyl phosphate is utilized to modulate Br/I competitive crystallization for improving compositional distribution, efficiency, and stability in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs. The homogeneous WBG perovskite boosts the efficiencies up to record values of 21.39% (1.72 eV) and 19.64% (1.84 eV), and maintains 95% of its initial efficiency for 1100 h. The resulting PO-TSCs achieve champion efficiencies of 26.11% (certified 25.07%).

Abstract

Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites with tunable bandgaps can be integrated into organic solar cells to construct tandem solar cells (TSCs), enabling the device to exceed the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit. However, ionic mismatches and crystallization kinetics in WBG perovskites trigger inhomogeneous phase distribution and defects. In this work, a triphenyl phosphate (Tri-PyPA) is utilized to modulate Br/I competitive crystallization and compositional distribution. The preferential coordination of Tri-PyPA with PbBr₂ reduces the effective charge on Pb²⁺ and changes the electrostatic interaction between Pb²⁺ and Br⁻/I⁻ ions. It suppresses the rapid migration of highly diffusive (Br-rich) components during crystallization. Meanwhile, Tri-PyPA forms a six-membered hydrogen-bonded ring structure with formamidinium cations by H•••O═P interaction to immobilize cations. The π-π conjugation allows Tri-PyPA to form a compact molecular coverage on the (100) facet, significantly reducing non-radiative recombination and elevating the ion migration energy barriers. The homogeneous WBG perovskites boost the efficiency up to record values of 21.39% and 19.64% for 1.72 eV and 1.84 eV devices, respectively. The unencapsulated device can maintain 95% of its initial efficiency after illumination for 1100 h. The champion perovskite-organic TSC shows an efficiency of 26.11% (certified 25.07%) and retains 80% of its initial efficiency after continuous operation for 1000 h.

Addressing the scarcity of wide-bandgap polymer donors, this work develops a novel electron-accepting unit (BCE) via chlorination/esterification of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b“:6,5-b”']trithiophene. Copolymerized with classical electron-donating unit (BDTT), an optimized copolymer, PBCE-2, demonstrates pronounced temperature-dependent aggregation characteristics and suitable energy levels. Finally, the PBCE-2-based device delivers an extremely high PCE of 20.4%, establishing PBCE-2 as a benchmark donor in the elite “20% Efficiency Club.”

Abstract

In the realm of high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs), the scarcity of wide-bandgap polymer donor materials poses a significant challenge. To tackle this issue, an innovative breakthrough is made by introducing a chlorine atom and an ester group into the benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:6,5-b″]trithiophene unit, namely BCE. Using BCE as the electron-accepting unit, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene derivative (BDTT) as the electron-donating unit, and alkyl-substituted thiophene as the bridging unit, a new class of D–A type alternating conjugated polymers are successfully synthesized. Subsequently, after systematic optimizations of the side chain length of the BDTT unit and the proportion of fluorinated BDTT, a polymer donor material, PBCE-2 is ultimately obtained, which exhibits excellent solution processability, suitable energy levels, and temperature-dependent aggregation characteristics. The binary OSC based on PBCE-2 and the well-known acceptor L8-BO demonstrates an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.2%. When a fullerene acceptor, PC₇₁BM, is incorporated to construct a ternary OSC, the corresponding PCE is further elevated to 20.4%. This achievement marks PBCE-2 as another promising polymer donor that has joined the exclusive “20% Efficiency Club,” following in the footsteps of notable polymer donors such as PM6, D18, and their derivatives.

A bimolecular synergistic approach combining micelle-induced nucleation and surface chemical polishing was successfully to modulate perovskite crystallization and defect passivation of tin-lead mixed perovskite solar cells.

Abstract

Tin-lead mixed perovskite (TLP) solar cells, due to their tunable bandgap, have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for approaching the Shockley–Queisser limit. However, the strong Lewis acidity of the tin-halide component in TLP increases the propensity for defect formation and phase separation during the fabrication process. In this study, a bimolecular synergistic regulation approach that combines micelle-induced nucleation and surface chemical polishing for crystallization control and defect passivation in TLP solar cells is introduced. The TLP precursor micelle-induced nucleation strategy modifies the characteristic of the micelles through hydrogen-bonding and selective coordination with 4-hydrazinylbenzonitrile hydrochloride (HBN), thereby lowering the critical nucleation concentration and accelerating the uniform and simultaneous nucleation of the perovskite. This crystallization control strategy significantly enhances the quality of TLP films and suppresses defect introduction during the uncontrollable film formation process. The surface chemical polishing strategy entails the passivation of TLP interface defects with hydrazine-based phenylsulfonamide hydrochloride (HSA), inhibiting the oxidation of divalent tin and optimizing charge carrier extraction at the interface. Ultimately, a TLP solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 24.01% is achieved, and the encapsulated device exhibits an T80 value of 391 h under prolonged illumination.

A solvent bath thermal annealing (STA) approach is developed for efficient ambient processing of organic solar cells and modules. STA immerses the active layer in perfluorodecalin to ensure uniform heating and protection from oxygen and moisture, optimizing film crystallinity and molecular packing. The strategy yields exceptional device efficiency, stability, and scalability, significantly enhancing the prospects for large-area manufacturing.

Abstract

Thermal annealing is essential for optimizing the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs), yet traditional thermal annealing (TA) under ambient air suffers from film degradation and nonuniform heating. Here, a novel post-treatment, solvent bath thermal annealing (STA), enabling effective TA of large-area OSC active layers under ambient conditions, is introduced. In STA, the BHJ film is immersed in a perfluorodecalin (PFD) bath during heating, ensuring uniform thermal distribution and protection against oxygen and moisture. STA-treated films thus exhibit optimized vertical component distribution, enhanced crystallinity, and improved molecular packing with higher structural order, leading to efficient charge transport and suppressed nonradiative recombination regardless of the annealing atmosphere. As a result, STA-treated OSCs based on PM6/L8-BO blend deliver outstanding performance: small-area cells achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.05%, while large-area (20.25 cm²) modules attain a PCE of 17.37% (certified 16.75%), among the highest PCEs for large-area organic solar modules. It also successfully bridges the performance gap between inert and ambient processing conditions. Moreover, STA-treated devices show excellent operational stability under continuous illumination and thermal stress. This ambient-compatible annealing strategy thus provides a scalable route toward high-efficiency and stable organic solar modules for practical large-area manufacturing.

Nature Materials, Published online: 07 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41563-025-02406-4

An intermediate phase steers the preferential {100} orientation of evaporated perovskites, securing long-term device stability for perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature Photonics, Published online: 03 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01790-2

A vapour post-treatment strategy enables fully printed carbon-electrode perovskite solar modules with an area of about 50 cm2 and a certified power conversion efficiency of 19.26%. The modules show no performance decay after 1,000 h of continuous operation at 65 °C.

Nature Energy, Published online: 05 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41560-025-01893-8

Perovskite solar cells with carbon electrodes offer advantages in terms of stability and manufacturing cost, but their performance remains limited. Now Wang et al. report an efficiency of 23.6% by doping the hole transport layer with graphene oxide.

Nature, Published online: 10 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09849-4

Flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 33.6% efficiency

Nature, Published online: 10 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09835-w

Flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with a dual buffer layer

Nature, Published online: 29 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09693-6

A majority methylammonium and iodine edge termination is observed by electron ptychography in the perovskite methylammonium lead iodide, and the stability of its edges and internal defects depends on the concentration and type of vacancies present.