awn

Herein, p-type blue carbon dots (B-CDs) are applied as an interface passivation layer to enhance efficiency and stability of CsPbI₂Br solar cells. B-CDs can passivate perovskite through hydrogen and coordinative bonds, form a P–N junction with the n-type perovskite to enhance charge transfer, and increase film hydrophobicity. The CsPbI₂Br devices with B-CDs modification show an efficiency of 16.76%.

Abstract

Interface modification to minimize charge recombination and trapping for efficient charge transport is crucial for the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, functionalized p-type blue carbon dots (B-CDs) are ventured as an interface passivation layer to enhance the efficiency and long-term stability of all-inorganic CsPbI₂Br PSCs. It is found that first the blue carbon dots with abundant NH, CN, CO, and CO functional groups effectively passivate defects by reacting with I⁻ and Pb²⁺ ions in the perovskite through hydrogen and coordinative bonds. Second, the p-type B-CDs modifiers form a P–N junction with the n-type perovskite to provide efficient pathways for hole transfer and electron blocking. Third, the B-CDs increase the hydrophobicity of the perovskite film to improve the stability of CsPbI₂Br PSCs. With the above advantages, the CsPbI₂Br PSC with B-CDs modification shows an efficiency as high as 16.76%, one of the highest for its type. In addition, the modification renders significant improvement of air and light stability, with 95.33% of the initial PCE retained after storage in the ambient environment for 1000 h. This work demonstrates the great potential of B-CDs application in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

Two regular terpolymers are used as the effective dopant-free hole transport materials for inverted perovskite solar cells. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach up to 18.17%, with negligible hysteresis and good ambient stability, which is mainly due to the well-matched energy level, improved film morphology, low carrier recombination, and higher hole extraction efficiency of the perovskite layer.

In inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), hole transport materials (HTMs) can efficiently improve hole extraction and transfer as well as the crystallization of perovskite films and thus enhance the photovoltaic performance. Herein, two dopant-free, regular A₁–D–A₂–D-type (D: electron donor; A: electron acceptor) polymeric HTMs, PTPDTBT and PDPPTBT, are developed by integrating the benzothiadiazole unit (A₁) with the electron-accepting species of either a thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione or a pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione segment (A₂), respectively, where the thiophene unit (D) results in a kinked molecular geometry. These A₁–D–A₂–D-type terpolymers exhibit comparable nonpolar properties but distinct film-quality morphology and charge transport characteristics. PDPPTBT with the more insulating side-chain groups is found to improve the quality of perovskite films cast on top with larger grain sizes and more homogeneous crystallization. As a consequence, the PDPPTBT-based PSCs without any dopants and additional interlayers display a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.17%, one of the highest values of MAPbI₃-based inverted PSCs using dopant-free D-A-type polymeric HTMs. Furthermore, the PDPPTBT-based device exhibits negligible hysteresis and high long-term stability. This work provides a potential strategy to design dopant-free A₁–D–A₂–D-type polymeric HTMs for efficient and stable PSCs.

The mixed organic spacer cation n-butylammonium (BA) and 1-naphthalenemethylammonium (1-NMA) are introduced in 2D perovskites to manipulate the interlayer interactions between bulky spacer cations and inorganic slabs, leading to an efficient and air-stable 2D perovskite solar cell.

2D Ruddlesden–Popper (2DRP) perovskites with hydrophobic bulky cations are proven to improve the environmental stability in photovoltaic devices significantly. However, these spacer cations lead to a weak interplay in the 2DRP perovskites, severely impacting the charge carrier transport and require a systematic understanding of the interaction between spacer cations and inorganic slabs. Herein, a series of novel perovskites (BA_1−x NMA _x )₂MA₃Pb₄I₁₃ (NMA = 1-naphthalenemethylammonium, BA = n-butylammonium) are successfully fabricated to reveal the interaction of mixed spacers and inorganic slabs. Incorporating NMA cations enhances the NH⋯I⁻ hydrogen-bonding interaction between the spacer cations and [PbI₆]⁴⁻ slabs, resulting in a preferentially crystal vertical orientation of smoothed perovskite films with larger crystal grains. Thus, a significant reduction in the density of trap states of the resulting 2DRP perovskites is achieved which leads to highly efficient charge carrier transport. Consequently, the champion (BA_0.9NMA_0.1)₂MA₃Pb₄I₁₃ device yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.21%, along with the unencapsulated devices that can retain 85% of their initial PCE for 1200 h under 35–65% relative humidity conditions. This work provides a simple and original method to modulate the interlayer interplay in 2DRP perovskites for highly efficient and air-stable perovskite solar cells.

After the incorporation of guaiacol-based small molecule donor (SMD) in the single binary bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer, the ternary (P:SMD:Y6) organic solar cell shows overall power conversion efficiency of 15.37% with low energy loss of 0.51 eV, which is higher than that for the binary counterpart P:Y6, i.e., 11.98% with energy loss of 0.55 eV.

To improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the organic solar cells (OSCs), it is necessary to widen the absorption profile of the active layer. It is possible by using a ternary active layer consisting of either two donors (D) and one acceptor (A) or two acceptors and one donor having complementary absorption and appropriate frontier energy levels for efficient exciton generation and their dissociation into free charge carriers and subsequent charge/energy transfer. Herein, a large bandgap guaiacol-based small molecule (SMD) is used as guest donor in ternary OSCs to improve the PCE and suppress the energy loss. SMD exhibits a lager bandgap and deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level compared with conjugated polymer donor (P). Therefore, the HOMO energy level is effectively down-shifted when P is mixed with SMD, which is beneficial for attaining high open circuit voltage (V _OC). OSCs based on the optimized ternary blend P:SMD:Y6 (0.8:0.2:1.2, w/w) after solvent vapor annealing attained a higher V _OC of 0.85 V and low energy loss of 0.51 eV compared with the binary device P:Y6 (1:1.2, w/w) with V _OC of 0.81 V and energy loss of 0.55 eV, delivering an overall PCE of 15.37%.

Arising from the formation of strong PbCl bonding, chlorine terminated Ti₃C₂Cl _x MXenes are used as lattice “tape” to reduce the defects and release tensile strain located at interfaces and grain boundaries of CsPbBr₃ perovskite film, achieving a champion efficiency up to 11.08% with an ultrahigh voltage of 1.702 V for CsPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells.

Abstract

The crystal distortion such as lattice strain and defect located at the surfaces and grain boundaries induced by soft perovskite lattice highly determines the charge extraction-transfer dynamics and recombination to cause an inferior efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, the authors propose a strategy to significantly reduce the superficial lattice tensile strain by means of incorporating an inorganic 2D Cl-terminated Ti₃C₂ (Ti₃C₂Cl _x ) MXene into the bulk and surface of CsPbBr₃ film. Arising from the strong interaction between Cl atoms in Ti₃C₂Cl _x and the under-coordinated Pb²⁺ in CsPbBr₃ lattice, the expanded perovskite lattice is compressed and confined to act as a lattice “tape”, in which the PbCl bond plays a role of “glue” and the 2D Ti₃C₂ immobilizes the lattice. Finally, the defective surface is healed and a champion efficiency as high as 11.08% with an ultrahigh open-circuit voltage up to 1.702 V is achieved on the best all-inorganic CsPbBr₃ PSC, which is so far the highest efficiency record for this kind of PSCs. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device demonstrates nearly unchanged performance under 80% relative humidity over 100 days and 85 °C over 30 days.

A novel hole-transport material (HTM) with the ability to bind to perovskites via halogen bonding is synthesized. Thanks to this interaction, the HTM molecules form a homogenous and ordered layer, improving the perovskite/HTM interface. This results in enhanced open circuit voltage and stability, showing the advantages of using halo-functional HTMs in perovskite solar cells.

Abstract

Interfaces play a crucial role in determining perovskite solar cells, (PSCs) performance and stability. It is therefore of great importance to constantly work toward improving their design. This study shows the advantages of using a hole-transport material (HTM) that can anchor to the perovskite surface through halogen bonding (XB). A halo-functional HTM (PFI) is compared to a reference HTM (PF), identical in optoelectronic properties and chemical structure but lacking the ability to form XB. The interaction between PFI and perovskite is supported by simulations and experiments. XB allows the HTM to create an ordered and homogenous layer on the perovskite surface, thus improving the perovskite/HTM interface and its energy level alignment. Thanks to the compact and ordered interface, PFI displays increased resistance to solvent exposure compared to its not-interacting counterpart. Moreover, PFI devices show suppressed nonradiative recombination and reduced hysteresis, with a V _oc enhancement of ≥20 mV and a remarkable stability, retaining more than 90% efficiency after 550 h of continuous maximum-power-point tracking. This work highlights the potential that XB can bring to the context of PSCs, paving the way for a new halo-functional design strategy for charge-transport layers, which tackles the challenges of charge transport and interface improvement simultaneously.

This review provides the reader guidelines to properly design materials to be implemented in colorless and transparent near-infrared-selective dye-sensitized solar cells giving specific attention to the interplay between the different device components. In addition, key characterization techniques are discussed along with the aesthetic requirements for practical application.

Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the promising photovoltaic (PV) technologies for applications requiring high aesthetic features combined with energy production such as building integration PV (BIPV). In this context, DSSCs have the ability to be wavelength selective, thanks to the development of new sensitizers by molecular engineering. The long history of dye research has afforded is technology different colorations for reaching panchromatic light absorption. However, nearly 45% of radiation from sunlight lies in the near-infrared (NIR) region, where human cones are not sensitive. This review provides the reader with key information on how to selectively exploit this region to develop colorless and transparent PV based on DSSC technology. Besides selective NIR absorbers, the triptych photoanode, counter-electrode, and redox mediator are together contributing to reach high aesthetic features. Details of all the components, interplay, and an opinion on the technological limitations to reach colorless and transparent NIR-DSSC are herein discussed in relationship with BIPV applications.

Dopant engineering for spiro-OMeTAD hole-transporting materials towards efficient perovskite solar cells. The presence of M(TFSI) _n salts as p-type dopants are required to improve the hole transfer of spiro-OMeTAD, critical for photovoltaic performance. This study assesses the role of metal cations in the process, revealing the superiority of Zn-based dopants as compared to redox-active Cu-based ones and others as producing a very high fill factor of close to 80% a V _OC of 1.15 V and a power conversion efficiency of 21.9%.

Abstract

One of the most prominent hole-transporting material (HTM) for hybrid perovskite solar cells has been 2,2″,7,7″-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), which is commonly doped with metal bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (M(TFSI) _n ) salts that contribute to generating the active radical cation HTM species. The underlying role of the metal cation, however, remains elusive. Here, the effect of metal cations (M = Li, Zn, Ca, Cu, and Sc) on doping spiro-OMeTAD is analyzed by a combination of techniques, including electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, which is complemented by photovoltaic device and hole mobility analysis. As a result, the authors reveal the superiority of Zn(TFSI)₂ salts in device performances as compared to the others, including redox-active Cu(TFSI)₂. This analysis thereby unravels new design principles for dopant engineering in HTMs for hybrid perovskite photovoltaics.

Hot-casting is demonstrated to boost the performance of halogen-free solvents processed organic solar cells (OSCs), achieving power conversion efficiency higher than that of the halogen solvents processed counterparts, and is effective in both binary and ternary OSCs.

Abstract

Despite the substantial climb of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs), the majority of processing solvent remains halogenated and stand as a critical issue for commercialization. Herein, a halogen-free solvent system consisting of toluene (Tol) and 1-phenylnaphthalene (PN) is used to replace the traditional halogenated chloroform (CF) and1-chloronaphthalene (CN) for the processing of the PM6:M36 OSC, reducing the maximum PCE from 15.0% to 13.3%. Hot-casting is demonstrated to boost the maximum PCE of halogen-free solvents processed OSCs back to 15.2%. The preheated substrate fastens the evaporation of Tol and enables similar film-forming kinetics to CF, resulting in the inhibition of immoderate molecular aggregation and excessive phase separation. Ternary OSCs, with either another donor or acceptor as the third component, can further improve device PCE to 15.8%, confirming the versatile photovoltaic systems that this hot-casting method can be applied to. Encouragingly, the hot-casting processed binary and ternary OSCs also exhibit retained storage stability. Therefore, hot-casting is demonstrated as a superior strategy to fabricate OSCs without efficiency and stability loss using halogen-free solvents.

By fine-tuning the optical field distribution and employing photovoltaic materials with low energy losses in tandem photovoltaic cell, a power conversion efficiency of 19.64% is achieved.

Abstract

Despite more potential in realizing higher photovoltaic performance, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tandem organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells still lags behind that of state-of-the-art single-junction cells. In this work, highly efficient double-junction tandem OPV cells are fabricated by optimizing the photoactive layers with low voltage losses and developing an effective method to tune optical field distribution. The tandem OPV cells studied are structured as indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO/bottom photoactive layer/interconnecting layer (ICL)/top photoactive layer/MoO _x /Ag, where the bottom and top photoactive layers are based on blends of PBDB-TF:ITCC and PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11, respectively, and ICL refers to interconnecting layer structured as MoO _x /Ag/ZnO:PFN-Br. As these results indicate that there is not much room for optimizing the bottom photoactive layer, more effort is put into fine-tuning the top photoactive layer. By rationally modulating the composition and thickness of PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11 blend films, the 300 nm-thick PBDB-TF:BTP-eC11 film with 1:2 D/A ratio is found to be an ideal photoactive layer for the top sub-cell in terms of photovoltaic characteristics and light distribution control. For the optimized tandem cell, a PCE of 19.64% is realized, which is the highest result in the OPV field and certified as 19.50% by the National Institute of Metrology.

Eu-MOF is introduced to the field of perovskite solar cells. Both Eu ions and organic ligands reduce the defect concentration. More over, due to the Förster resonance energy transfer effect, Eu-MOF improves the light utilization. Meanwhile, it also turns tensile strain to compressive strain. Finally, the device performance, in efficiency and stability, is increased dramatically due to the synergetic effects.

Abstract

Enhancing device lifetime is one of the essential challenges in perovskite solar cells. The ultrathin Eu-MOF layer is introduced at the interface between the electron-transport layer and the perovskite absorber to improve the device stability. Both Eu ions and organic ligands in the MOF can reduce the defect concentration and improve carrier transport. Moreover, due to the Förster resonance energy transfer effect, Eu-MOF in perovskite films can improve light utilization and reduce the decomposition under ultraviolet light. Meanwhile, Eu-MOF also turns tensile strain to compressive strain in the perovskite films. As a result, the corresponding devices achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.16%. In addition, the devices retain 96% of their original PCE after 2000 h under the relative humidity of 30% and 91% of their original PCE after 1200 h after continuous 85 °C aging condition in N₂.

Efficient large-area flexible solar cells and modules are demonstrated based on a printable, transparent, low-surface-roughness, flexible electrode (silver nanowires:zinc-chelated polyethylenimine). A power conversion efficiency of 13.2% is obtained for a 54 cm² solar module. The flexible electrode is also demonstrated in high-performance flexible quantum-dot light-emitting diodes.

Abstract

Development of large-area flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) is highly desirable for their practical applications. However, the efficiency of the large-area flexible OSCs severely lags behind small-area devices. Here, efficient large-area flexible single cells with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.1% and 12.6% for areas of 6 and 10 cm², and flexible modules with a PCE of 13.2% (54 cm²) based on poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Ag grid/silver nanowires (AgNWs):zinc-chelated polyethylenimine (PEI-Zn) composite electrodes are reported. The solution-processed flexible transparent electrode of AgNWs:PEI-Zn shows low surface roughness and good optoelectronic and mechanical properties. PEI-Zn is conductive and optically transparent. It can adhere to and wrap the AgNWs under electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged surface (AgNWs) and positively charged protonated amine groups (in PEI-Zn). It wraps the AgNWs networks and fills the void space to achieve a smooth surface. The flexible electrode is validated in both flexible OSCs and flexible quantum-dots light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). Small-area flexible OSCs show a PCE of 16.1%, and flexible QLEDs show an external quantum efficiency of 13.3%. In the end, a flexible module is demonstrated to charge a mobile phone as a flexible power source (shown in Video S1, Supporting Information).

Publication date: November 2021

Source: Nano Energy, Volume 89, Part A

Author(s): Mohammad Ismail Hossain, Md. Shahiduzzaman, Safayet Ahmed, Md. Rashedul Huqe, Wayesh Qarony, Ahmed Mortuza Saleque, Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Dietmar Knipp, Yuen Hong Tsang, Tetsuya Taima, Juan Antonio Zapien

Publication date: November 2021

Source: Nano Energy, Volume 89, Part A

Author(s): Kyungeun Jung, Kwonwoo Oh, Du Hyeon Kim, Jae Won Choi, Ki Chul Kim, Man-Jong Lee

Publication date: November 2021

Source: Nano Energy, Volume 89, Part A

Author(s): Yongrui Yang, Fanyi Min, Yali Qiao, Zheng Li, Florian Vogelbacher, Zhaoxin Liu, Wenkun Lv, Yang Wang, Yanlin Song

Herein, the buffer layer formation of each reaction stage is described. The solar cell with a CdS buffer layer formed in reaction 3 shows the lowest efficiency and the difference in efficiency of solar cells with buffer layers formed in different stages always shows a constant pattern. After CdS deposition, heat treatment is performed to obtain optimal spikes in band alignment.

To accurately obtain an adjustable CdS layer, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system is used in the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method by measuring the frequency change. However, although the thickness of the CdS layers deposited using the QCM system can be accurately adjusted to the same thickness, CdS layers of the same thickness formed in each section of the continuous reaction are expected to have different properties due to the reaction rate and mechanism, ultimately affecting the performance of solar cells. Therefore, 30 nm-thick CdS layers are formed in the various reaction sections (initial, middle, and late ranges) and their characteristics and performances are examined and compared with the conventional 60 nm-thick CdS buffer layer. Most Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cells with the 30 nm-thick CdS buffer exhibit a higher efficiency than those with the 60 nm-thick CdS buffer due to improved J _sc. However, the CIGS with the 30 nm CdS formed in the middle range exhibits the lowest photovoltaic performance. To investigate this unexpected result, all the deposited CdS layers are chemically, structurally, and optically examined and the results are explained by a deposition mechanism study. Furthermore, the effect of heat treatment is demonstrated by band alignment.

Carrier density of the Cu₂ZnSnS₄ absorber and acceptor-like interface defects are identified as two critical factors governing the nonradiative interface recombination in addition to the unfavorable conduction band offset. This suggests that passivating the acceptor-like interface defects with appropriate carrier density is the essential way to promote the photovoltage and efficiency of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ solar cells.

Kesterite Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) solar cell has emerged as one of the most promising thin-film photovoltaic technologies that allows for cheap, clean, and efficient renewable power in the future. Nevertheless, limited by the large photovoltage deficit caused by severe interface recombination, the potential of CZTS solar cells is far from being fully tapped. Herein, it is demonstrated that the carrier density of the CZTS absorber and the acceptor-like interface defects are two critical factors governing the interface recombination in addition to the unfavorable conduction band alignment. Results of device simulation suggest that passivating the acceptor-like interface defects combined with appropriate absorber carrier density is the essential way to promote the photovoltage and efficiency of CZTS solar cells to a more competitive level. It is believed that these results could be generally applicable to the interface recombination of other heterojunction solar cells.

Herein, Cl atoms are introduced into the BDT-based thienyl side chains and BDD-based thienyl π-bridges to obtain two chlorinated polymer donors H1 and H2, respectively. Systematically comparing the photovoltaic properties of H1 and H2 demonstrates that the device performance of polymer donors is sensitive to the position of the chlorine atoms.

Introducing substituent groups has been regarded as an effective method to construct highly efficient polymer donors. However, the correlation between the position of substituent groups and the device performance of polymer donors has rarely been carefully studied and compared. Herein, Cl atoms are introduced into the BDT-based thienyl side chains and BDD-based thienyl π-bridges to obtain two chlorinated donor−acceptor (D−A) polymer donors H1 and H2, respectively. By systematically comparing the photovoltaic properties of H1 and H2, it is found that the device performance of polymer donors is sensitive to the position of chlorine atoms. The nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs) based on H1:IT-4F and H1:Y6 display a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.34 and 15.62%, whereas the PCE of H2:IT-4F and H2:Y6 is 11.04 and 13.80%. As the H1-based blend shows more desirable aggregation morphology, more preferential face-on orientation, and more efficient extraction dissociation occurs. The current work demonstrates that the position of chlorine substitution can be reasonably optimized for state-of-the-art polymer donors in the highly efficient nonfullerene OSCs.

A regioregular narrow-bandgap n-type polymer, L15, is synthesized, showing higher electron mobility and larger absorption coefficient compared to its random analog. When applied as an electron acceptor in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), L15 yields outstanding efficiencies of 15.2% and 16.2% in binary and ternary all-PSCs, respectively.

Abstract

Narrow-bandgap n-type polymers with high electron mobility are urgently demanded for the development of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Here, two regioregular narrow-bandgap polymer acceptors, L15 and MBTI, with two electron-deficient segments are synthesized by copolymerizing two dibrominated fused-ring electron acceptors (FREA) with distannylated aromatic imide, respectively. Taking full advantage of the FREA and the imide, both polymer acceptors show narrow bandgap and high electron mobility. Benefiting from the more extended absorption, better backbone ordering, and higher electron mobility than those of its regiorandom analog, the L15-based all-PSC yields a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.2% when blended with the polymer donor PM6. More importantly, MBTI incorporating a benzothiophene-core FREA segment shows relatively higher frontier molecular orbital levels than L15, forming a cascade-like energy level alignment with L15 and PM6. Based on this, ternary all-PSCs are designed where MBTI is introduced as a guest into the PM6:L15 host system. Thanks to further optimal blend morphology and more balanced charge transport, the PCE is improved up to 16.2%, which is among the highest values for all-PSCs. The results demonstrate that combining an FREA and an aromatic imide to construct regioregular narrow-bandgap polymer acceptors provides an effective approach to fabricate highly efficient all-PSCs.

The intrinsic mechanisms of doping effects on improving or decreasing the efficiency of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) solar cells are qualitatively and quantitatively clarified. The influences of the doping concentration, defects, trap density, and carrier mobility on the parameters (J _SC, V _OC, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency) of OIHP solar cells are identified by means of spectroscopic investigations.

Abstract

To enhance the efficiency and stability of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) solar cells, doping has been demonstrated as a straightforward method. Nevertheless, the perception of trap states regulated by doping and their effects on the performance of solar cells is not in-depth. Herein, typical OIHPs (CH₃NH₃PbI₃ and Cs_0.05FA_0.85MA_0.10Pb(I_0.97Br_0.03)₃) doped with RbI are employed to expound the doping mechanism in affecting the efficiency of devices. Systematic spectroscopic characterizations indicate that doping significantly influences the photocarrier dynamics via directly regulating the trap states. The results indicate that doping would reduce the trap density by passivating defects and induce extra trapping centers. This directly manipulates the transient transport of the photocarriers and finally influences the output of devices. The optimization of solar cell performance requires the tradeoff of competitive relation between the passivation and introduction of trapping centers. The results provide the spectroscopic perception on how doping concentration affects trap density, carrier dynamics, transport behavior, and ultimately the parameters of devices. It provides a straightforward guidance to the design and optimization of OIHP-based solar cells.