Jing Zhang

A super-thin elastomeric film with a 3D geometrical microstructure similar to human skin is developed for the fabrication of geometrically conformal super-thin elastomer film strain sensors for health monitoring and air leakage detection. It shows a linear response to 0–43% strain with a gauge factor up to 14, which is superior to conventional 2D thin-film strain sensors.

Abstract

Elastomer-based resistive super-thin film strain sensors show great application potentials in electronic skins, human–machine interaction systems, wearable devices for healthcare, and machine learning algorithms. However, it is challenging to accurately monitor the deformation of human body joints and organs with curved surfaces (e.g., knees, throats, finger joints) by only taking advantage of material thickness and elasticity of conventional 2D film strain sensors. Herein, a simple strategy is developed to fabricate conformal elastomeric thin film sensors with periodic 3D microstructure inspired by the ridges and valleys of human skin for accurate signal acquisition. Specifically, an 8-micrometer-thick elastic film strain sensor with 3D microstructure is fabricated via thermoforming followed by in situ chemical growth of silver nanoparticles. The 3D film strain sensors exhibit excellent signal linearity (R² = 0.99) and relatively high sensitivity (gauge factor = 14) over a relatively wide strain range (≈43%), with an ultra-low strain detection limit of 0.025%, enabling potential applications in human healthcare monitoring and air leakage detection. Thus, this study unveils a simple methodology to process microstructure-enabled conformable 3D film strain sensors, which show good conformability and multiple mechanical sensing functions for advancing the development of next-generation flexible strain sensors.

The on-chip supercoupled cavity device is demonstrated realizing a record cavity excitation distance exceeding three wavelengths, leveraging the valley-conserved supercoupling mechanism in the valley Hall topological system. This optothermal tunable design enables new degrees of freedom for supercoupled photonic cavities in mux-demux, lasers, sensors, spectrometers, and on-chip communication systems.

Abstract

On-chip photonic resonant cavity plays a critical role in widespread applications including lasing, sensing, and spectroscopy. However, the excitation of these cavities typically relies on evanescent coupling within sub-wavelength distances, limiting flexible and precise chip integration. Here, an on-chip supercoupled topological cavity is demonstrated which is critically coupled at 2.3-wavelength distance from a bus waveguide and remains excited even at 3.2 wavelengths, based on the supercoupling mechanism enabled by the valley vortex flow. Optothermal heating facilitates tunable quality factors and dynamic control of the supercoupling condition, allowing transitions from overcoupling to undercoupling through the critical point. The discovery extends the waveguide-cavity excitation distance to multiple wavelengths, unlocking new possibilities for designing and controlling on-chip resonant devices, including supercoupled lasers, sensors, and modulators.

Quasi-periodic metamaterials combine stiffness and large-strain deformability, overcoming limitations of traditional stretching-dominated periodic designs that are prone to global buckling instabilities and catastrophic layer collapses. By leveraging non-uniform force chains, they achieve high isotropic stiffness, stable deformation, and remarkable failure resistance. Supported by numerical and experimental results, these advances open pathways for low-density applications in impact resistance and energy absorption.

Abstract

Architected materials achieve unique mechanical properties through precisely engineered microstructures that minimize material usage. However, a key challenge of low-density materials is balancing high stiffness with stable deformability up to large strains. Current microstructures, which employ slender elements such as thin beams and plates arranged in periodic patterns to optimize stiffness, are largely prone to instabilities, including buckling and brittle collapse at low strains. This challenge is here addressed by introducing a new class of aperiodic architected materials inspired by quasicrystalline lattices. Beam networks derived from canonical quasicrystalline patterns, such as the Penrose tiling in two dimensions and icosahedral quasicrystals (IQCs) in three dimensions, are shown to create stiff, stretching-dominated topologies with non-uniform force chain distributions, effectively mitigating the global instabilities observed in periodic designs through distributed localized buckling instabilities. Numerical and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of these designs in combining stiffness and stable deformability at large strains, representing a significant advancement in the development of low-density metamaterials for applications requiring high impact resistance and energy absorption. These results demonstrate the potential of deterministic quasi-periodic topologies to bridge the gap between periodic and random structures, while branching toward uncharted territory in the property space of architected materials.

By incorporating multiple lanthanide elements, the surface and interface of Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Co₀.₁₃Ni₀.₁₃O₂ are simultaneously engineered. This strategy leads to the formation of a lanthanide-rich surface layer adorned with Ce₀.₃₂La₀.₂₈Yb₀.₄O₂ nanoparticles and the in-grain emergence of strip-shaped Li₁.₂TMLa₀.₀₀₉O₂ nano-precipitates, which reinforced the weak grain boundaries and mitigated volumetric changes during cycling. As a result, the modified cathode exhibits significantly enhanced cycling stability (80.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles) and improved voltage stability (1.95 mV drop per cycle), with the approach also applicable to Co-free Li₁.₂Ni₀.₅Mn₀.₅O₂ materials.

Abstract

Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides (LLO) face significant challenges, such as severe capacity loss and voltage decay, limiting their practical applications in lithium-ion batteries. This study proposes a simple multiple lanthanide element doping strategy, which enables simultaneous surface and interface engineering to mitigate these issues. A lanthanide-rich layer decorated with fine lanthanide oxide Ce_0.32La_0.28Yb_0.4O₂ nanoparticles is formed on the Li_1.2Mn_0.54Co_0.13Ni_0.13O₂ surface. At the same time, many strip-shaped and coherent nano-precipitates (Li_1.2TMLa_0.009O_2, where TM represents transition metal element and La represents lanthanide elements) form inside the LLO grains. The precipitates strengthen the weak grain boundaries and interfaces and mitigate volumetric changes during cycling, which improves the electromechanical properties of the LLO structure. The modified LLO demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, retaining 80.4% capacity after 500 cycles compared to 69.8% for unmodified LLO, and improved voltage stability with an average drop of 1.95 mV per cycle versus 2.49 mV. This modification approach can also be applied to Co-free lithium-rich Li_1.2Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ cathode materials, offering a general and effective strategy to enhance the cycling stability for a wide range of layered structure cathode materials.

A novel strategy is proposed for designing 2D/3D geometric multiplexing patterns using twisted-stacking hierarchical structures. The switching in 2D CP-based transmission images in daylight and CPLA patterns in darkness can be simultaneously achieved. Moreover, 3D dual-mode display can be achieved by manipulating the light illumination mode, the handedness of CPF, and viewing angle, thereby realizing high-capacity anti-counterfeiting and information security.

Abstract

Multiplexed optical imaging is highly desirable for enhancing information security. However, shaping optically active materials with circularly polarized long afterglow (CPLA) into 3D geometric structures for multiplexing stereoscopic display and multidirectional encryption remains a significant challenge. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed for designing multiplexed encryption patterns using twisted-stacking hierarchical structures that exhibit remarkable optical activity and CPLA properties. The hybrid films display dynamically orthogonal control of circularly polarized transmission patterns in daylight and switchable CPLA images in darkness, both of which can be directly viewed by the naked eye using left- or right-handed circularly polarized filters, and independently modulated without mutual interference during dynamic regulation process. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this highly integrated platform can be utilized as 3D geometric multimodal image multiplexing toward advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption applications.

An environmentally friendly transfer printing method of nm-thick giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors is demonstrated. This method, relying on water and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer without the need of complex treatments, allows transferring thin films to a wide range of biological, organic, and inorganic substrates. Transferred sensors maintain their performance, low noise, and reveal excellent mechanical stability.

Abstract

A stringent quality requirement for a nm-thick multi-stack heterostructures and delicate antiferromagnetic interlayer couplings inherent to giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors limits their seamless integration on objects with non-planar surfaces and/or biological structures. Here, a green transfer method of high performance and mechanically robust GMR sensors to a wide range of biological, organic, and inorganic substrates is demonstrated. Importantly, the transfer technique relies on water and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer and requires no complex treatments that involve harsh chemicals and conditions, allowing for transferring sensors causing no harm to the environment. A high surface tension of water employed in the transfer process ensures a smooth spreading of the sensor film reinforced by the hydrophilic PVA layer, mitigating stress concentrations in the GMR film and preserving its structural integrity. Transferred sensors maintain their performance, low noise, and reveal excellent mechanical stability even after 3000 bending cycles. This green transfer technique of GMR sensors fosters various applications, e.g., to function as a human-machine interface in wearable and interactive electronics.

A bottom-up collaborative charge manipulation strategy is developed to minimize the interfacial charge loss in blue perovskite light-emitting diodes, leading to stable blue electroluminescence and an external quantum efficiency of 25.87%. Solution-processed active-matrix display with clear and uniform patterning is achieved by integrating with thin-film transistor circuits.

Abstract

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are emerging as strong candidates for next-generation displays due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, solution processability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the development of highly efficient blue PeLEDs remains a significant challenge. Here, a bottom-up strategy is introduced for precise charge manipulation in blue perovskites to enhance radiative recombination efficiency. By employing 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene as an inserted hole transport layer, improved hole injection efficiency is achieved while effectively suppressing reverse electron transport and exciton quenching. Additionally, a fluorinated ester additive is incorporated to control perovskite crystallization, facilitating the formation of well-aligned reduced-dimensional phases to reduce nonradiative recombination losses. The resulting blue PeLEDs exhibit a record-breaking external quantum efficiency of 25.87%, the highest reported for one-step-prepared blue perovskite films. Furthermore, integration with thin-film transistor circuits enables solution-processed active-matrix perovskite displays with sharp and uniform patterning. This work provides a comprehensive pathway for advancing blue PeLEDs toward high-performance display applications.

This review presents a strategic vision for integrating micro- and nanobots in the pipeline for infection diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To develop these robots as a practical solution for infection management, their design principles are clarified based on their propulsion mechanisms and then categorized infection management domains based on usage scenarios.

Abstract

Medical micro- and nano-bots (MMBs and MNBs) have attracted a lot of attention owing to their precise motion for accessing difficult-to-reach areas in the body. These emerging tools offer the promise of non-invasive diagnostics and therapeutics for a wide range of ailments. Here, it is highlighted how MMBs and MNBs can revolutionize infection management. The latest applications of MMBs and MNBs are explored for infection prevention, including their use as accurate, minimally invasive surgeons and diagnosis, where they function as sensitive and rapid biosensors or carriers for contrast agents for real-time imaging of infected tissue. Further, the applications are outlined in treatment serving as anti-biofilm agents and smart carriers for antibiotics and anti-infective biologics. The current challenges in designing MMBs and MNBs are highlighted for overcoming immune barriers, moving to deep infected tissue, and swimming in low Reynolds numbers and discuss mitigating strategies. Finally, as a future perspective, the potential advantages of multi-drive propulsion, bioinspired, and artificial-intelligence-trained MMBs and MNBs are discussed, with a special focus on challenges and opportunities for their commercialization.

Nature, Published online: 09 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08854-x

A photonic processor capable of running advanced artificial intelligence models with near-electronic precision is introduced, marking a substantial step towards post-transistor computing technologies.

Nature, Published online: 09 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07765-7

An analysis demonstrates that quantitative measurements of perisomatic ultrastructure features of neurons can be used to categorize them into cell types.

Nature, Published online: 09 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08824-3

An integrated optical parametric amplifier with an ultra-wide bandwidth was implemented using geometrically optimized low-loss nonlinear rib silicon nitride waveguides including the demonstration of broadband all-optical wavelength conversion.

A solid-state strategy is developed to achieve heterogeneous integration of the compact perovskite thick film onto the TFT array for X-ray imaging. The compact thick film exhibits high mobility-lifetime (1.92 × 10⁻³ cm² V⁻¹), high X-ray sensitivity (40970 µC•Gy_air ⁻¹•cm⁻²), and a low detection limit (14.3 nGy_air•s⁻¹), enabling high-resolution (0.6 lp•pixel⁻¹) flat-panel imaging.

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray imaging, but their heterogeneous integration with pixelated sensing arrays remains challenging. Herein, a novel solid-state crystal growth strategy to integrate high-quality perovskites with the pixelated electrode substrate for X-ray imaging is described, and the soft methylammonium lead triiodide solvate (MAPbI₃•DMF) powder is utilized as precursor and is soft-pressed directly on the thin film transistor (TFT) array at moderate pressure and temperature (100 °C, 0.8 MPa) instead of common perovskite suspension printing. A compact and dense MAPbI₃ thick film is obtained with excellent mobility-lifetime (µτ) of 1.92 × 10⁻³ cm²•V⁻¹. The X-ray detector shows a high sensitivity of 40,970 µC•Gy_air ⁻¹•cm⁻² and a low detection limit of 14.3 nGy_air•s⁻¹. In addition, the TFT perovskite X-ray flat-panel exhibits a well-distributed pixel response and high spatial resolution of 0.6 lp•pixel⁻¹ for X-ray imaging.

This study presents a series of millirobots with magnetically switchable adhesion, enabled by soft, double-reentrant micropillar arrays with side liquid-repellency. These millirobots can universally manipulate a wide range of targets in both air and water. Beyond transportation, they are capable of performing various complex tasks, such as circuit repair, precision assembly, and high-speed actuation in amphibious environments.

Abstract

Magnetic soft robots with multimodal locomotion have demonstrated significant potential for target manipulation tasks in hard-to-reach spaces in recent years. Achieving universal manipulation between robots and their targets requires a nondestructive and easily switchable interaction with broad applicability across diverse targets. However, establishing versatile and dynamic interactions between diverse targets and robotic systems remains a significant challenge. Herein, a series of magnetic millirobots capable of universal target manipulation with magnetically switchable adhesion is reported. Through two-photon lithography-assisted molding, magnetic soft double-reentrant micropillar arrays with liquid repellency are fabricated on the robots. These micropillar arrays can serve as switchable adhesion units for the millirobots to effectively manipulate targets of various geometries (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in both air and water. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, these adhesive robots can perform various complex tasks, including circuit repair, mini-turbine assembly, and high-speed underwater rotation of the turbine machine. This work may offer a versatile approach to magnetic manipulation of non-magnetic objects through amphibious adhesion, emerging as a new paradigm in robotic manipulation.

A conductive hydrogel with surface adhesion and electric field-triggered de-adhesion and release is fabricated from thioctic acid and L-arginine. The non-covalent intermolecular attractions not only endow the hydrogel with useful bulk-state properties and strong adhesion but also generate electric responsiveness for on-demand de-adhesion and release.

Abstract

Removing adhesive nondestructively and intact from the adhered surface is a difficult challenge for advanced adhesive materials. Compared with the commonly used thermal or chemical release, the controlled adhesive release via electric-field offers practical application advantages. However, a noninvasive release mode such as this has not been available for the de-bonding of supramolecular adhesives that originate from small organic molecules. Herein, a conductive hydrogel with surface adhesion and electric field-triggered de-adhesion and release is fabricated from thioctic acid (TA) and L-arginine (LA). The non-covalent intermolecular attractions of poly[TA-LA], especially its electrostatic interactions, not only endow it with useful bulk-state properties and strong adhesion (up to 363.3 kPa) but also generate electric responsiveness for on-demand de-adhesion and release. The poly[TA-LA] adhesive layer can be easily released within a short time (<60 s) under a mild voltage (5≈10 V). After a combined experimental and theoretical investigation, It is concluded that the adhesive-layer morphological and mechanical changes, activated by a weak current (1.1≈3.2 mA), are responsible for the adhesion failure, which takes place primarily at the anode. Importantly, rapid electric release of poly[TA-LA] is applicable at low temperatures (5 V, 60 s, −40 °C) or underwater (5 V, 60 s, 25 °C).

A hybrid R6G/InSe structure is designed, and the charge transfer mechanism within this structure is validated using SERS. This structure effectively emulates biological synapses, comprising a presynaptic membrane (R6G photosensitive layer), synaptic cleft (R6G/InSe interface), and postsynaptic membrane (InSe sensing layer). The charge transfer process in this structure closely mirrors the neurotransmitter transfer across the synaptic cleft. Surface treatment techniques are employed to regulate the charge transfer process, enabling multiple on-chip encryption anti-counterfeiting applications to be developed.

Abstract

2D optical synaptic devices with atomic-scale thickness show potential for building highly integrated tunable artificial visual neural networks. However, their atomic-scale thickness also leads to weak light absorption, limiting device photoresponse. Here, a high-performance optical synaptic device based on a Rhodamine 6G (R6G)/InSe hybrid structure is proposed, achieving a remarkable 328.9% enhancement in photoresponse compared to InSe devices. Using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a nondestructive probing technique, it is demonstrated that light-induced charge transfer between R6G and InSe is the key mechanism enabling the device's high performance. Furthermore, introducing a self-limited oxide layer on the InSe surface provides additional evidence for the charge transfer process. This charge-transfer-based device effectively mimics the neurotransmitter transmission process in biological synapses, showing unique potential in applications such as image preprocessing and decoding within artificial neural networks. In addition, through surface treatment techniques, precise control over the charge transfer process is achieved, enabling the design of a multiple encryption-based anti-counterfeiting array and highlighting their value in on-chip anti-counterfeiting. By employing a spectrally noninvasive method to probe charge transfer, this study elucidates the critical role of charge transfer in optical synaptic devices and opens novel application pathways.

In this article, a water-evaporation driven energy harvester is devised that works even in the absence of sunlight. This is achieved by combining PVA hydrogel with thermoelectrics (TEG) to directly capture energy from water evaporation. Under mild conditions (RH 40%, T of 26 °C, and 2.8 m s⁻¹ wind), 1.71 mW (1.02 W m⁻²) power can be generated, >3 fold higher than traditional hydrovoltaics.

Abstract

In the current era where electronics and technologies are getting smaller in size, off-grid and battery-free features are getting increasingly sought after. This motivates innovation in ambient energy harvesting from light, heat, and mechanical sources. Among these technologies, hydrovoltaics has emerged as a promising source of electricity by harvesting energy from ubiquitous water evaporation. However, the power densities of hydrovoltaics are so far limited to the order of hundreds of mW cm⁻². In this work, a porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel in combination with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is devised to directly capture energy from water evaporation. It is found that under moderate environmental conditions with relative humidity (RH) of 40%, temperature of 26 °C, and mild wind speed of 2.8 m s⁻¹, a temperature gradient (ΔT_TEG) of ≈2 °C is established across the TEG. This gives rise to 1.71 mW of power output, which is equivalent to 1.02 W m⁻² power density. This is more than 3 fold higher than traditional hydrovoltaics. This work opens a pathway for further investigation into scavenging electricity from water evaporation.

The doping strategy of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides has been widely used to modify intrinsic properties to satisfy potential applications in electronics, photonics and magnetics. Rare-earth elements with abundant optical properties are ideal dopants to endow 2D materials with improved optoelectronic properties. However, the large atomic size of rare-earth elements makes it difficult to substitute them into 2D lattices. Here we report the chemical vapor deposition growth of erbium (Er) substitutional doped monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with a doping concentration of 0.3%. An analysis of photoluminescent mapping was developed to evaluate the variance of uniformity of Er doping in MoS2 to be 0.003 eV. The density functional theory calculation demonstrates the existence of impurity state in band gap caused by Er doping. The modification of electronic structure accelerates the opto-electron injection efficiency and improves the optoelectronic performance of the Er-MoS2 field effect transistor. This work develops an easy approach to estimate the degree of doping uniformity of monolayer 2D materials and demonstrates their applications in optoelectronics.

Silicon nanomembranes, with ultrathin thickness, excellent flexibility, and semiconductor properties, enable enhanced functionality for next-generation technologies. This review highlights their unique physics, preparation methods, and design principles, alongside applications in optoelectronics, sensors, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and integrated circuits, as well as challenges and future potential in advanced electronics and optoelectronics systems in “more-than-Moore” era.

Abstract

Silicon nanomembranes, an emerging material with ultrathin thickness, combine the electrical properties of semiconductors with the flexibility that bulk materials lack. These nanomembranes can impart enhanced functionality to devices, supporting development needs for next-generation technologies “more-than-Moore” Law. In recent years, as research of fabrication techniques and fundamental principles have advanced, the focus of silicon nanomembrane studies has evolved from material preparation and component processing to functionalization and system-level integration. This review begins with an overview of silicon nanomembrane preparation methods and formation principles. In terms of device advancements and applications, developments in optoelectronic devices, sensors, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and integrated circuits are covered. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges in silicon nanomembrane technology and the potential of silicon nanomembrane devices and systems in future optoelectronics, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and advanced integrated circuit architectures.

Nature Physics, Published online: 31 March 2025; doi:10.1038/s41567-025-02787-y

How unicellular organisms evolved into multicellular ones is an open question. Now, using unicellular Stentor coeruleus as a model system, the transition between isolated individuals and a coordinated colony is shown to benefit all colony members.

Tailored sandwich-type COF heterojunctions achieve optimal capacitance and energy density through H⁺ ion lamination and π-electron conduction, demonstrating the potential for miniaturized and flexible energy storage devices.

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) nanofilms with well-ordered channels and highly active interfaces have great potential in in-plane micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). COF heterojunction nanofilms integrate the benefits of individual COF phases through alternating stacking. Herein, sandwich-type COF heterojunctions are prepared under van der Waals bonding, controlling the larger outer aperture (vs. inner) to create the stereoscopic lamination effect in axial channel structure, which enhances the rapid transport of electrolyte H⁺ and their concentrated accumulation on active interfaces. Simultaneously, the unique heterojunction structure effectively reduces resistance to electron transport, enabling electrons to conduct through in-plane π-electron clouds and facilitating π–π electron transitions across interfaces. In addition, the outer aperture in COF heterojunctions is also adjusted to inhibit H⁺ overflow causing the self-discharge phenomenon. The results show that the optimal MSC-COF _1.0-0.6-1.0 exhibits a high volumetric specific capacitance (C_V ) of 598.6 F cm⁻³, high energy density of 40.7 mWh cm⁻³ at 2095.2 mW cm⁻³, good self-discharge property up to 36 h, and excellent cycling and bending-resistant stability. This work about the optimal integration of multiple factors in COF heterojunctions, including lamination effect, interface contribution, and ion overflow, can provide theoretical guidance for the application of COF heterojunctions in miniature or flexible/wearable devices.

Size-controlled LaPO₄:Eu³⁺ nanorods are exploited as polarized luminescent probes to measure shear stress in a microfluidic channel with varying streamlines. Long nanorods result in a significant distortion of the measured shear profile due to the delay in their rotational dynamics. Small nanorods efficiently eliminate this distortion as their shear-induced rotation is much faster as predicted by fluid mechanical theory.

Abstract

Orientation analysis of colloidally dispersed nanorods (NRs) provides a powerful means to measure local shear stress in fluids. Lanthanide-doped crystalline NRs, with their polarized luminescence properties, offer a promising platform for such shearmetry applications, as their emission spectra reflect the degree of collective orientation induced by shear. However, precise control over the morphology of the NRs is essential for ensuring reliable measurements, particularly in complex and dynamic flow environments. Herein, size-controlled synthesis of Eu-doped LaPO₄ NRs is presented, and their application in shearmetry within a microfluidic channel is designed to generate curved streamlines. By analyzing 2D shear maps obtained using NRs of varied sizes, the impact of NR size on the shearmetry performance is quantitatively evaluated. Size control of the NRs is achieved by adding a surfactant during hydrothermal synthesis. The collective orientation of NRs, induced by flow shear, is determined by analyzing the polarized Eu³⁺ emission spectra. NRs of smaller aspect ratio (AR) and length respond more rapidly to shear variations, yielding symmetric and accurate shear stress profiles even in complex, dynamic flows. Additionally, smaller NRs extend the measurable shear stress range up to 0–15000 mPa, covering values typical of biofluidic systems and microfluidic devices. These results provide a novel framework for advanced fluidic analysis, highlighting the critical role of the nanoprobe morphology.

Fabrication of in situ polymer-encapsulated stable perovskite patterns of arbitrary shapes and pixel arrays with a resolution of 80 nm is reported by the femtosecond (fs) laser (800 nm) super-resolution writing technique. The two-photon absorption-induced laser ablation is attributed to the achieved feature sizes as small as λ/10. Furthermore, the fabrication of dynamic 3D codes at the micro- and nanoscale is demonstrated.

Abstract

Laser direct writing enables precise tailoring and patterning of semiconductor materials at the micro-and nanoscale, which is crucial for optoelectronic devices. However, the resolution of laser writing is limited by the diameter of the Airy disk. Herein, a femtosecond (fs) laser super-resolution writing (FsLSRW) technique is demonstrated for subwavelength patterning of stable perovskite nanostructures, achieving feature sizes as small as λ/10, with the line width reaching 80 nm. By leveraging the fs-laser's flexible, precise, and non-thermal diffused patterning capabilities, multicolor perovskite patterns are successfully produced with arbitrary design and pixel arrays. The multicolor perovskite patterns exhibit high hydrolytic, oxidative, and thermal stability due to their encapsulation in a polymer matrix. Furthermore, through precise adjustment of the laser focus plane, the writing of different information is demonstrated on two distinct spatial planes within a double-layer stacked perovskite composite film, enabling the production of dynamic 3D codes at the micro- and nanoscale. The high-efficiency and precision of FsLSRW technology pave a novel path for perovskite devices in fields such as information security, data storage, and optical encryption.